干细胞移植有望成为未来疾病治疗的一种重要手段,科学家的设想是,利用新转入的干细胞分化产生新的组织细胞,从而弥补和替代机体的损伤。不过,美国科学家的一项最新研究表明,尽管移植入的一些干细胞看起来是在“袖手旁观”,但它们却能以一种出人意料的途径发挥作用。相关论文发表在10月31日的《神经科学杂志》(Journal of Neuroscience)上。
此前的研究已经证实,干细胞移植能够治疗小鼠的大脑疾病和损伤,比如阿尔海默症、中风等。不过,利用最新的研究结果,美国加州大学尔湾分校的科学家推测,神经干细胞能够挽救小鼠的记忆的作用方式并非人们期望的产生新的大脑组织,而是通过分泌神经营养素蛋白(neurotrophins)来阻止脑细胞的诱导调亡,并加强那些“倒霉”神经元间的相互联系,从而维持大脑原有的功能。
领导该项研究的神经生物学教授Frank LaFerla表示,“这项研究得到的最重要的启示就是干细胞能够挽救由脑细胞减少导致的记忆损失。”如果这种疗效确实是单纯由神经营养因子引起的,那无疑将为修复大脑记忆和学习能力开辟一条阳光大道。
在研究中,LaFerla小组创造出了海马区(大脑与记忆相关区域)受损的基因改造小鼠。一项测试表明,从它们熟悉的笼子中拿走一样物品,这些变异小鼠察觉不出来的几率是正常的同类的两倍。不过,当研究人员向变异小鼠中海马区导入20万个干细胞,又过了3个月后发现,这些变异小鼠的记忆力已经与正常的同类相差无几。
对照研究表明,有荧光标记的干细胞在正常小鼠脑中到处散布,而在变异小鼠脑中,几乎所有的干细胞都聚集在海马区。LaFerla说,“损伤区域一定发出了某种未知信号,告诉干细胞要留在这里。”
此外,更令研究人员惊讶的是,只有大约5%的干细胞分化为成熟的神经元。而周围的神经元自始至终一直存在,而且与其他细胞发生了更密集的联接。研究人员推测,这应该是干细胞产生的神经营养作用。
研究小组下一步的目标就是试图确定起作用的物质。美国耶鲁大学医学院的精神病学教授Eugene Redmond评价道,新的研究进行得“相当漂亮”。而此次研究的结论与他的小组在猴子中研究帕金森症得到的结论十分相似。Redmond等人研究发现,干细胞移植不仅补充替代了猴脑中缺失的神经元,同时也带来了其他方面的益处。(科学网 任霄鹏/编译)
原始出处:
The Journal of Neuroscience, April 18, 2007, 27(16):4385-4395; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0055-07.2007
Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Docosapentaenoic Acid Ameliorate Amyloid-ß and Tau Pathology via a Mechanism Involving Presenilin 1 Levels
Kim N. Green,1 Hilda Martinez-Coria,1 Hasan Khashwji,1 Eileen B. Hall,2 Karin A. Yurko-Mauro,2 Lorie Ellis,2 and Frank M. LaFerla1
1Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4545, and 2Martek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, Maryland 21045
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Frank M. LaFerla, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1109 Gillespie Neuroscience Building, Irvine, CA 92697-4545. Email: laferla@uci.edu
The underlying cause of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) is unknown, but a number of environmental and genetic factors are likely to be involved. One environmental factor that is increasingly being recognized as contributing to brain aging is diet, which has evolved markedly over modern history. Here we show that dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD reduced the intraneuronal accumulation of both amyloid-ß (Aß) and tau. In contrast, combining DHA with n-6 fatty acids, either arachidonic acid or docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6), diminished the efficacy of DHA over a 12 month period. Here we report the novel finding that the mechanism accounting for the reduction in soluble Aß was attributable to a decrease in steady-state levels of presenilin 1, and not to altered processing of the amyloid precursor protein by either the - or ß-secretase. Furthermore, the presence of DPAn-6 in the diet reduced levels of early-stage phospho-tau epitopes, which correlated with a reduction in phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, a putative tau kinase. Collectively, these results suggest that DHA and DPAn-6 supplementations could be a beneficial natural therapy for AD.
Key words: tau; Alzheimer's; docosahexanoic acid; docosapentaenoic acid; presenilin; amyloid; transgenic