通常认为,年轻的大脑环路是具有很大的弹性的,但最终在成年期变固定。在11月8日的《神经元》(Neuron)杂志上,来自美国约翰·霍普金斯的研究人员报告说,成年神经元并没有像我们推测的那样牢牢固定在某个地方。
由David Linden教授领导的研究组利用一种称为“双光子显微镜”的新技术观察了完整大脑中活神经元的工作。研究人员将荧光染料注射到小鼠大脑中,以“照亮”神经元亚群,然后通过一种在活小鼠的头骨中构建的“窗户”来观察这些神经元。
他们分析了利用延伸的纤维(轴突)给小脑发送信号的神经元,而小脑有助于协调运动和感觉信息。轴突就好像不断生长的树一样,有主干和一些小的侧枝。但是,尽管主干紧紧的与小脑中其他靶标神经元联结(成熟神经元通常被认为处于这种“静止”状态),但“侧枝”像风筝一样在风中摇摆。在几个小时的观测过程中,单个侧枝可以高动态模式拉长、缩回和变形。
这些侧枝还不能与临近的神经元产生常规的联系,如突触。而且,当使用一种能在轴突中产生强烈电流的药物时,侧枝的这种运动就会停止。
Linden表示,接下来要解决的问题就是为什么大脑需要这种活泼的、非连接性的枝条。他认为,他们可能发现了在神经发生过程中不依靠突触进行信息传递的第二个机制。能够获得活脑中突触实时运动画面的能力为研究人员提供了一种分析轴突再生的强大工具。
原始出处:
Neuron, Vol 56, 472-487, 08 November 2007
Article
Axonal Motility and Its Modulation by Activity Are Branch-Type Specific in the Intact Adult Cerebellum
Hiroshi Nishiyama,1 Masahiro Fukaya,2 Masahiko Watanabe,2 and David J. Linden1,
1 Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
2 Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
Corresponding author
David J. Linden
dlinden@jhmi.edu
We performed two-photon in vivo imaging of cerebellar climbing fibers (CFs; the terminal arbor of olivocerebellar axons) in adult mice. CF ascending branches innervate Purkinje cells while CF transverse branches show a near complete failure to form conventional synapses. Time-lapse imaging over hours or days revealed that ascending branches were very stable. However, transverse branches were highly dynamic, exhibiting rapid elongation and retraction and varicosity turnover. Thus, different branches of the same axon, with different innervation patterns, display branch type-specific motility in the adult cerebellum. Furthermore, dynamic changes in transverse branch length were almost completely suppressed by pharmacological stimulation of olivary firing.