老年人如果够幸运,便有望避免阿尔茨海默氏症造成的恐怖影响,这种疾病的典型特征便是记忆力和其他认知能力的显著下降。迄今为止,对于这种顽症的发病机理人们知之甚少,但一项新的研究表明,认知水平的下降亦会出现在健康的老年人中,此时那些通常一道工作的大脑区域变得不再默契,这或许是由于它们彼此间的连接被中断了。
由美国哈佛大学的神经科学家Jessica Andrews-Hanna和Randy Buckner领导的一个研究小组,利用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)技术对志愿者——38名20多岁的年轻人以及55名60多岁的老年人——的大脑活动进行了监测。研究人员将目光聚集在大脑区域的一个“静态”网络——它在大脑空闲、不用完成任何特定指令时被激活。fMRI扫描揭示了年轻志愿者大脑静态网络中的协调工作。例如,这一网络中的两个特殊大脑区域趋向于在相同的时间被激活,尽管它们一个位于大脑的前端,而另一个位于大脑的后方。然而在老年志愿者中,这些大脑区域的活动很少是协调进行的。研究人员对9名老年人的大脑实施了一种正电子发射断层扫描(PET),这种技术能够发现大脑中的淀粉样蛋白质,后者是阿尔茨海默氏症的一个标志。Buckner说,最终PET扫描的结果呈阴性,表明这种不协调的静态网络是正常衰老的一部分,而非疾病的信号。
另外一项试验使用了一种名为扩散张量成像的方法,旨在找到那些静态网络活动缺乏协调的老年人的白质——连接大脑不同区域的轴突束——恶化的证据。尽管科学家对静态网络在认知功能中扮演的角色尚不了解,但是大脑区域的协调工作对于人们在记忆测试和其他认知技能方面的表现具有重要影响。那些静态网络中的活动最不协调的人往往在测试中成绩最差。研究人员在12月6日出版的《神经元》(Neuron)杂志上报告了这一研究成果。
加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的神经科学家Adam Gazzaley说:“我认为这项研究对于认知老化的研究具有重要意义。”他强调,该发现加上之前关于因衰老而产生的认知能力下降的线索,将改变大脑区域相互作用的方式。Gazzaley指出,白质恶化可能是一个关键的问题,它中断了大脑区域之间的信息流通,从而削弱了它们彼此间协调工作的能力。(科学时报)
原始出处:
Neuron, Vol 56, 924-935, 06 December 2007
Article
Disruption of Large-Scale Brain Systems in Advanced Aging
Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna,1,2 Abraham Z. Snyder,3,4 Justin L. Vincent,1,2 Cindy Lustig,5 Denise Head,3,6 Marcus E. Raichle,3,4 and Randy L. Buckner1,2,7,8,
1 Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
2 Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
3 Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
4 Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
5 Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
6 Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
7 Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
8 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
Corresponding author
Randy L. Buckner
rbuckner@wjh.harvard.edu
Cognitive decline is commonly observed in advanced aging even in the absence of disease. Here we explore the possibility that normal aging is accompanied by disruptive alterations in the coordination of large-scale brain systems that support high-level cognition. In 93 adults aged 18 to 93, we demonstrate that aging is characterized by marked reductions in normally present functional correlations within two higher-order brain systems. Anterior to posterior components within the default network were most severely disrupted with age. Furthermore, correlation reductions were severe in older adults free from Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology as determined by amyloid imaging, suggesting that functional disruptions were not the result of AD. Instead, reduced correlations were associated with disruptions in white matter integrity and poor cognitive performance across a range of domains. These results suggest that cognitive decline in normal aging arises from functional disruption in the coordination of large-scale brain systems that support cognition.