并非所有的诵读困难者都是完全一样的。一项新的研究结果显示,讲中文和讲英文的诵读困难症患者,其大脑受损的区域是不同的。这一发现为搞清产生诵读困难的神经学机制带来了曙光,同时揭示了大脑处理两种语言的本质差别。
在美国和中国,大约有5%到10%的人患有诵读困难。这些人无法将一个单词的视觉信号和听觉信号联系起来。在英语中,这种疾病导致了对组成单词的字母的曲解或变调。例如,诵读困难者会将“Dyslexia”读成“Lysdexia”。而在中文中,这种疾病会影响一个人将文字转化为声音的能力以及对文字含义的理解。对患有阅读障碍的中国儿童进行的大脑成像研究显示,与英文的阅读和书写相比,这些功能是由大脑的不同区域所控制的。
如今,一个由中国香港大学的Li-Hai Tan领导的研究小组发现,讲英语和说中文的人的大脑功能的不同源自于大脑的解剖学差异。研究小组使用了一种形态测量学分析方法,从而得到了16名患有诵读困难的北京学童的精细三维脑测量结果。随后,研究人员将这些结果与16名正常中国人的相关测量结果进行了对比。数据显示,尽管这两组受试者的灰质——与高级认知功能有关的大脑物质——体积并没有差异,但诵读困难者左额中回——识别图像和形状以及唤醒记忆的重要大脑区域——的灰质却明显少得多。与之形成对照的是,根据另一个研究小组在2007年得到的结果,英语诵读困难者大脑左顶叶的灰质有减少迹象。这一区域更多的是参与将字母符号转化为语音的工作而非对其形状的解析。Tan表示:“这一发现非常令人吃惊。”他的研究小组在本周的美国《国家科学院院刊》网络版上报告了这一研究成果。Tan说:“我们从未想过,在两种文化背景下,诵读困难患儿的大脑结构也出现了差异。”
美国剑桥市麻省理工学院(MIT)的神经心理学家Robert Desimone指出,中文和英文巨大的本质差异使得这一发现具有重要意义。作为中文载体的汉字主要依赖复杂的图形表达全部的含义,而英文则是一种字母语言,它更多地凭借规律而非图像识别和记忆。曾参与英语诵读困难研究的MIT认知心理学家John Gabrieli强调,如今,随着大脑解剖学差异的揭示,科学家朝着“搞清诵读困难的发病机制又迈出了一步”。
Gabrieli说,如果你对于一种语言存在诵读困难,那么另一种语言是否也会让你感到无所适从呢?这确实是“一个很吸引人的问题”。但Tan对此表示怀疑,他说自己的研究小组相信,“不同的基因可能与中文和英文的诵读困难有关”。
生物谷推荐原始出处:
(PNAS),doi:10.1073/pnas.0801750105,Wai Ting Siok,Li Hai Tan
A structural–functional basis for dyslexia in the cortex of Chinese readers
Wai Ting Siok,, Zhendong Niu, Zhen Jin¶, Charles A. Perfetti||, and Li Hai Tan,,
Department of Linguistics and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong; College of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; ¶Beijing 306 Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; and ||Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
Communicated by Robert Desimone, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, February 25, 2008 (received for review January 1, 2008)
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a neurobiologically based disorder that affects 5–17% of school children and is characterized by a severe impairment in reading skill acquisition. For readers of alphabetic (e.g., English) languages, recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that dyslexia is associated with weak reading-related activity in left temporoparietal and occipitotemporal regions, and this activity difference may reflect reductions in gray matter volume in these areas. Here, we find different structural and functional abnormalities in dyslexic readers of Chinese, a nonalphabetic language. Compared with normally developing controls, children with impaired reading in logographic Chinese exhibited reduced gray matter volume in a left middle frontal gyrus region previously shown to be important for Chinese reading and writing. Using functional MRI to study language-related activation of cortical regions in dyslexics, we found reduced activation in this same left middle frontal gyrus region in Chinese dyslexics versus controls, and there was a significant correlation between gray matter volume and activation in the language task in this same area. By contrast, Chinese dyslexics did not show functional or structural (i.e., volumetric gray matter) differences from normal subjects in the more posterior brain systems that have been shown to be abnormal in alphabetic-language dyslexics. The results suggest that the structural and functional basis for dyslexia varies between alphabetic and nonalphabetic languages.