图片说明:科学家得到了首张完整的高清晰度人类大脑皮层地图,并从中确定出了单一的网络核心。
(图片来源:Indiana University)
一支国际科研小组最近创建出首张完整的大脑网络地图,它的精细程度无与伦比。该图反映了人类大脑皮层中负责高等思维的数百万神经纤维,如何相互连接和“交谈”。更为重要的突破是,研究人员从中确定出了一个大脑单一网络核心(network core),它对于左右脑半球的工作都至关重要。新研究标志着人类在理解自身最复杂和最神秘器官上的一大进步,相关论文发表在6月30日的《公共科学图书馆 生物学》(PLoS Biology)上。
进行该项研究的科学家来自美国印第安那大学、哈佛大学医学院、瑞士洛桑大学和洛桑联邦理工学院等机构院所。他们在文章中不仅提供了大脑连接的综合地图,同时也描述了一种新型无创技术,以便其他科学家能够将构建数万亿大脑神经联系的高清晰地图工作进行到底。这已经成为了一个新的科学领域——“神经连接组学”(connectomics)。
论文作者之一、美国印第安那大学的神经学家Olaf Sporns说,“新的研究是构建大规模大脑计算模型,进而帮助科学家理解一些难以观测的过程(比如疾病状态和损伤修复)的最初一步。”
科学家大都利用功能核磁共振成像(fMRI)技术测定感觉或认知过程中的大脑活动性区域,但却对产生这种活动性的深层解剖学因素所知甚少。此外,科学家对大脑神经纤维连接和路径的认识大都来自动物研究,到目前为止,还没有一张人类大脑联系的完整地图。
在最新研究中,研究人员利用先进的扩散核磁共振技术(Diffusion MRI)对人类大脑进行成像,这种无创成像技术主要依据水分子在脑组织中的扩散来评估神经纤维连接的轨道。而该技术的高敏感度变种——扩散光谱成像(diffusion spectrum imaging,简称DSI),则能够描述通过某一位置的多重神经纤维的定向性。最新研究正是将该技术应用于整个人类大脑皮层,才得到了其中数百万神经纤维的网络地图。
进一步的计算分析表明,人类大脑皮层中存在着对神经连通性起中枢作用的区域,研究人员形象地将其称为大脑的“集线器”(hub)。令人惊讶的是,研究表明所有受试者的大脑都拥有单一的高度密集连接的结构核。
Sporns表示,“我们发现该结构核位于大脑皮层的中央后部,它同时骑跨着左右脑半球。这是以前人们不知道的。”而接下来的问题就是新的大脑连接网络是否负责塑造着大脑的动态活动性。为了验证这一点,研究人员利用fMRI和DSI两种方法检验了5位受试者的大脑,并比较观测到的大脑活性与深层神经纤维网络间的接近度。
Sporns说,“结果表明,它们关系十分紧密。我们可以测定出了大脑解剖学和大脑动力学的显著相关性。这意味着如果知道大脑如何连接,我们就能预测它将做什么。”
研究人员正打算对更多的人类大脑进行检测,以期得到不同发育阶段、年龄以及疾病中的大脑连通性。(生物谷bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
PLoS Biology,6(7): e159 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159,Patric Hagmann, Olaf Sporns
Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex
Patric Hagmann1,2, Leila Cammoun2, Xavier Gigandet2, Reto Meuli1, Christopher J. Honey3, Van J. Wedeen4, Olaf Sporns3*
1 Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland, 2 Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, 3 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America, 4 Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
Structurally segregated and functionally specialized regions of the human cerebral cortex are interconnected by a dense network of cortico-cortical axonal pathways. By using diffusion spectrum imaging, we noninvasively mapped these pathways within and across cortical hemispheres in individual human participants. An analysis of the resulting large-scale structural brain networks reveals a structural core within posterior medial and parietal cerebral cortex, as well as several distinct temporal and frontal modules. Brain regions within the structural core share high degree, strength, and betweenness centrality, and they constitute connector hubs that link all major structural modules. The structural core contains brain regions that form the posterior components of the human default network. Looking both within and outside of core regions, we observed a substantial correspondence between structural connectivity and resting-state functional connectivity measured in the same participants. The spatial and topological centrality of the core within cortex suggests an important role in functional integration.
Funding. PH, LC, XG, and RM were supported by a grant for interdisciplinary biomedical research to the University of Lausanne, the Department of Radiology of University Hospital Center in Lausanne (CHUV), the Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of the Geneva - Lausanne Universities and the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), as well as grants from the foundations Leenaards and Louis-Jeantet and Mr Yves Paternot. VJW was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant 1R01-MH64–44. CJH and OS were supported by the JS McDonnell Foundation.