虽然近1个世纪以来我们知道大脑具有潜意识学习能力,但一直没有明确地加以证实。8月28日出版的《神经元》(Neuron)杂志上的一项新研究采用了复杂的知觉遮蔽、电脑模型和神经成像技术,首次证实人类大脑在没有意识迹象的情况下具有潜意识学习能力。
负责此项研究的伦敦大学学院的威尔康姆神经成像中心的马西亚斯·皮斯格林尼说:“人们时常争辩说他们的直觉比深思熟虑更能做出更好的决定。这种说法可能就是凭借潜意识的联想学习能力发挥了作用,从而在假设情况下选择了更好的结果。”
比如,老练的纸牌手能玩得更加成功,这是因为他们具有洞悉输赢结果与其对手潜意识行为表现相关联的潜意识领悟能力。为明确调查此现象,皮斯格林尼博士及其同事制造了来自混乱的、新奇的抽象符号的视觉信息。之后通过展示两个遮蔽的线索来评估测试者的视觉意识,询问他们是否觉察到有什么不同。皮斯格林尼解释说:“我们推断,如果测试者不能正确觉察到此两个遮蔽线索之间的差异,那他们也不能得知有意识的暗示结果。”
在接下来的实验中,测试者完成了潜意识的训练任务,期间采用了同样的遮蔽措施,但这一次的暗示和输赢结果是一对一。利用这种方法,研究人员观察到一对一的输赢暗示效果很好,能正确指导测试者做出行动反应,即使是在抽象的暗示情况下也管用。在抽象的暗示情况下,测试者不能有意识地看到明确的暗示。
与此同时,研究人员通过采用功能性磁共振成像技术,收集了来自他们大脑的扫描结果,以调查与潜意识学习相关联的特定大脑回路的活动情况。皮斯格林尼说:“回应潜意识暗示的大脑腹侧纹状体可以看到结果,其方式近似我们电脑的运算法则,可以快速表达奖赏预期值,并能快速预报错误。由此我们推断,即使没有意识地处理相关的暗示,我们的大脑也能知道它们的奖赏值,并能利用它们来做出决定。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Neuron,Vol 59, 561-567,Mathias Pessiglione,Chris D. Frith
Subliminal Instrumental Conditioning Demonstrated in the Human Brain
Mathias Pessiglione,1,2, Predrag Petrovic,1 Jean Daunizeau,1 Stefano Palminteri,2 Raymond J. Dolan,1 and Chris D. Frith1
1 Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroImaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
2 Laboratoire INSERM U610, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut Fédératif de Recherche en Neurosciences, H?pital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 47 Boulevard de l'H?pital 75013 Paris, France
How the brain uses success and failure to optimize future decisions is a long-standing question in neuroscience. One computational solution involves updating the values of context-action associations in proportion to a reward prediction error. Previous evidence suggests that such computations are expressed in the striatum and, as they are cognitively impenetrable, represent an unconscious learning mechanism. Here, we formally test this by studying instrumental conditioning in a situation where we masked contextual cues, such that they were not consciously perceived. Behavioral data showed that subjects nonetheless developed a significant propensity to choose cues associated with monetary rewards relative to punishments. Functional neuroimaging revealed that during conditioning cue values and prediction errors, generated from a computational model, both correlated with activity in ventral striatum. We conclude that, even without conscious processing of contextual cues, our brain can learn their reward value and use them to provide a bias on decision making.