最近一段时间,全球金融市场发生多年未遇的“动荡”,金融专家对其原因众说纷纭。值得一提的是,脑科专家也介入其中,企图丛神经学的角度阐释其原因。
近日,美国和瑞士的科研人员宣布了一项探索人对风险的预测和反应的神经学新发现。这项得到美国和瑞士两国国家科学基金支持的研究发现,在很大程度上,人脑和电脑对风险计算的差别可能是近期市场风波背后的罪魁祸首,这样的风波每隔10到20年就会出现一次,让金融市场和股民备受折磨。
研究人员还表示,这项发表在《神经科学杂志》(Journal of Neuroscience)上的研究成果将最终帮助金融界开发更可靠的市场活动预测模型。
项目负责人、洛桑联邦理工学院(Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne)教授Peter Bossaerts介绍,人脑与金融市场对风险的计算存在很大差异。Bossaerts和他的同事深入研究了情绪因素在此过程中所起的作用。
研究发现,人脑在计算风险时不仅考虑过去的判断失误,它的内在算式还对许多财务模型不能预测的稀有事项更敏感。研究人员还注意到人的情绪在精细设计的财务模型出错时所起的作用。
Bossaerts表示:“如果建有合适的模型,被金融领域某些人标为‘无法预测’的事件都会在可控范围内。目前的次贷危机,实际上也是可以预测的。但通常的情况是:一旦市场出现状况,人们就关掉电脑,把这些模型扔出窗外。”
Bossaerts指出,问题的症结在于发现人脑用于评估风险的算法。科研人员将能以此为基础对现有工具进行改造,来弥补缺陷。
研究人脑对风险的处理方法并不复杂,近10年,英、美和日本领尖学府中像Bossaerts这样的科研人员已在神经科学、风险和金融市场之间建立了重要的跨学科桥梁。经过5年研究,Bossaerts等人在构建对情绪来源的研究时发现,人对风险的反应在很大程度上由岛叶皮质(insula cortex)的活动决定,而过去很少有针对该领域的研究。
引起科学家们特殊兴趣的是岛叶皮质前端的初期活化作用,他们通过利用功能映射,发现了大脑中被称为前扣带皮质(anterior cortex)的这一部分。
研究人员相信,就像在世界主要证券交易所不断上演的那种类似幸福感的情绪是与风险的不合理评估相连一样,那些预测情况的风险性比实际要大的人则会对焦虑等情绪更加敏感。
Bossaerts所在的不确定情况下决策实验室(Laboratory for Decision Making under Uncertainty)发表的一项声明称,在此以前,对岛叶皮质如何影响错误决策的研究是一项空白。他指出,在认识个体对待风险的方式时,科学家和金融界专业人士将能对人脑无法自主完成的部分加以补充。
Bossaerts解释说:“并补充说尽管‘精细设计’的财务模型可能很好,它们却不能给出没有风险的预测。”在Bossaerts看来,传统模型失误系数有可能非常大,他提醒那些自称为人才的金融界人士,在计算时要多复查一遍。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Journal of Neuroscience,2008, 28(11):2745-2752,Kerstin Preuschoff, Steven R. Quartz, and Peter Bossaerts
Human Insula Activation Reflects Risk Prediction Errors As Well As Risk
Kerstin Preuschoff,1,4 Steven R. Quartz,1,2 and Peter Bossaerts1,2,3
1Computation and Neural Systems Program and 2Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91125, 3Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and 4Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
Understanding how organisms deal with probabilistic stimulus-reward associations has been advanced by a convergence between reinforcement learning models and primate physiology, which demonstrated that the brain encodes a reward prediction error signal. However, organisms must also predict the level of risk associated with reward forecasts, monitor the errors in those risk predictions, and update these in light of new information. Risk prediction serves a dual purpose: (1) to guide choice in risk-sensitive organisms and (2) to modulate learning of uncertain rewards. To date, it is not known whether or how the brain accomplishes risk prediction. Using functional imaging during a simple gambling task in which we constantly changed risk, we show that an early-onset activation in the human insula correlates significantly with risk prediction error and that its time course is consistent with a role in rapid updating. Additionally, we show that activation previously associated with general uncertainty emerges with a delay consistent with a role in risk prediction. The activations correlating with risk prediction and risk prediction errors are the analogy for risk of activations correlating with reward prediction and reward prediction errors for reward expectation. As such, our findings indicate that our understanding of the neural basis of reward anticipation under uncertainty needs to be expanded to include risk prediction.