《柳叶刀》杂志在1989年曾经刊载了一则有趣的报告,一条狗总是爱舔主人腿上的一颗痣——这颗痣最终演变成一个恶性黑素瘤。从那时开始,科学家相继在大鼠和小鼠中观察到类似的“嗅出疾病”的能力,这种能力帮助这些啮齿动物远离种群中生病的成员。如今,研究人员相信他们已经搞清了这些动物是如何具有这项本领的。
科学家之前已经鉴别出了许多小鼠嗅觉受体——动物鼻腔中的细胞表面蛋白质,能够感知从食物的香味到恐惧的气味的每一种事物。瑞士日内瓦大学的神经遗传学家Ivan Rodriguez和同事寻思,这里是否还有一种额外的受体,能够对疾病的“气味”作出响应——多半是通过探测与细菌和炎症相关的化学物质来实现。
研究人员搜索了已经破译的小鼠基因组,在它的嗅觉系统中寻找可能编码额外受体蛋白质的基因,以及连接鼻腔和大脑的感觉细胞。研究人员发现了5个新受体的基因,所有的基因都属于一类已知的蛋白质——甲酰肽受体(FPRs)。
FPRs包含有两类免疫系统受体,能够探测从血液中的病原体内散发的化学物质,从而帮助免疫细胞追捕到并且攻击外来物体。那么在嗅觉细胞上新鉴别出的受体是否具有类似的功能呢——即能够探测其他动物体内的病原体?在实验室中,Rodriguez的研究小组将小鼠的嗅觉神经细胞暴露在能够导致疾病的细菌以及患病小鼠的尿液中。毫无疑问,某些化学物质“点燃”了神经细胞中的一种“嗅觉响应”,其表现为细胞电位变化。研究人员日前在《自然》杂志网络版上报告了这一研究成果。
这些神经细胞所拥有的新发现的FPR受体位于大脑基部的嗅觉系统中,这里同时还能够嗅出名为信息素的性信号化学物质。这一区域——犁鼻器——直接连接到大脑的情绪中心——扁桃体。Rodriguez认为:“这具有重要的意义。”他说,当一只小鼠探测到附近的伴侣,或危险——某种形式的疾病,它需要触发一种快速响应,例如尝试繁殖,或远离附近患病的动物。
Rodriguez的研究小组同时在沙鼠和大鼠中也发现了疾病嗅觉受体,但是他认为不太可能在人类的鼻腔中发现这种受体。他说,除了免疫系统外,没有证据表明在人体的其他组织中存在FPRs。
法国巴黎市巴斯德研究所的神经科学家及嗅觉专家Pierre Marie Lledo认为,这些研究成果“非常令人兴奋,很有可能是一项大的突破”。瑞士洛桑大学的嗅觉研究专家Marie-Christine Broillet指出,这一发现为搞清用嗅觉发现疾病的分子机制开辟了“一个新的研究领域”。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Nature advance online publication 22 April 2009 | doi:10.1038/nature08029
Formyl peptide receptor-like proteins are a novel family of vomeronasal chemosensors
Stéphane Rivière1,3, Ludivine Challet1,3, Daniela Fluegge2,3,4, Marc Spehr2,4 & Ivan Rodriguez1
1 Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, and National Center of Competence 'Frontiers in Genetics', University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
2 Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
3 These authors contributed equally to this work.
4 Present address: Department of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Correspondence to: Ivan Rodriguez1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to I.R.
Mammals rely heavily on olfaction to interact adequately with each other and with their environment1. They make use of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors to identify odorants and pheromones. These receptors are present on dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons located in the main olfactory or vomeronasal sensory epithelia, and pertain to the odorant2, trace amine-associated receptor3 and vomeronasal type 1 (ref. 4) or 2 (refs 5–7) receptor superfamilies. Whether these four sensor classes represent the complete olfactory molecular repertoire used by mammals to make sense of the outside world is unknown. Here we report the expression of formyl peptide receptor-related genes by vomeronasal sensory neurons, in multiple mammalian species. Similar to the four known olfactory receptor gene classes, these genes encode seven-transmembrane proteins, and are characterized by monogenic transcription and a punctate expression pattern in the sensory neuroepithelium. In vitro expression of mouse formyl peptide receptor-like 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 provides sensitivity to disease/inflammation-related ligands. Establishing an in situ approach that combines whole-mount vomeronasal preparations with dendritic calcium imaging in the intact neuroepithelium, we show neuronal responses to the same molecules, which therefore represent a new class of vomeronasal agonists. Taken together, these results suggest that formyl peptide receptor-like proteins have an olfactory function associated with the identification of pathogens, or of pathogenic states.