美国圣朱迪儿童研究医院的研究人员发现了控制大脑神经细胞迁移的新机制。这不仅有助于了解胎儿和婴幼儿时期人类大脑的发育情况,还有助于对儿童癫痫、智障以及脑肿瘤转移有更新的认识,具有十分重要的临床意义。近期出版的《神经元》刊登了相关研究成果。
在大脑的发育过程中,神经细胞往往产生于远离其最终发挥作用位点的萌发区域,因此需要迁移到最终位点,才能整合到大脑的“电路”之中,发挥其功能作用。研究表明,神经细胞会沿着神经胶质细胞产生的纤维移动;一种叫Par6α的控制分子会调节这种迁移,而一种被称为肌球蛋白Ⅱ的分子马达则会为这种迁移提供动力。
研究人员使用了显微镜延时成像技术,来确定肌球蛋白Ⅱ和肌动蛋白在神经细胞迁移过程中的机械原理。他们培养出处于迁移状态的神经细胞,用荧光染料来标注肌球蛋白Ⅱ、肌动蛋白和关键的神经细胞结构;之后利用激光速射脉冲对培养细胞进行拍照,每次闪光都会拍出一张显微照片。这样做的结果是得到一系列“微电影”,这些“微电影”演示了促使神经细胞迁移的肌球蛋白Ⅱ—肌动蛋白机制。肌球蛋白Ⅱ—肌动蛋白机制会把神经细胞的内部细胞构建物向前拉扯,这些细胞构建物会架设“脚手架”,以使神经细胞将主要的细胞体向前移动。研究人员证明,在这一过程中,肌球蛋白Ⅱ和肌动蛋白都是必需的,一旦使用了分子抑制药物,它们就会完全中断迁移过程;此外,他们还发现,在神经细胞顶部区域,肌球蛋白Ⅱ的收缩会为神经细胞的移动提供动力。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Neuron, Volume 63, Issue 1, 63-80, 16 July 2009 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.05.028
Myosin II Motors and F-Actin Dynamics Drive the Coordinated Movement of the Centrosome and Soma during CNS Glial-Guided Neuronal Migration
David J. Solecki1,,,Niraj Trivedi1,Eve-Ellen Govek2,Ryan A. Kerekes3,Shaun S. Gleason3andMary E. Hatten2
1 Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
2 Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
3 Image Science and Machine Vision Group, Measurement Science and Systems Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Lamination of cortical regions of the vertebrate brain depends on glial-guided neuronal migration. The conserved polarity protein Par6α localizes to the centrosome and coordinates forward movement of the centrosome and soma in migrating neurons. The cytoskeletal components that produce this unique form of cell polarity and their relationship to polarity signaling cascades are unknown. We show that F-actin and Myosin II motors are enriched inthe neuronal leading process and that Myosin II activity is necessary for leading process actin dynamics. Inhibition of Myosin II decreased the speed of centrosome and somal movement, whereas Myosin II activation increased coordinated movement. Ectopic expression or silencing of Par6 inhibited Myosin II motors by decreasing Myosin light-chain phosphorylation. These findings suggest leading-process Myosin II may function to pull the centrosomeand soma forward during glial-guided migration bya mechanism involving the conserved polarity protein Par6α.