一个世纪以来,科学家利用电刺激来探索人类大脑,该方法可以帮组他们识别大脑中每个特殊神经功能区域,此外科学家还利用这种方法治疗帕金森症,抑郁症等。尽管这种方法普遍使用,但研究人员却从未在细胞水平上观察到大脑应答电刺激的整个过程。
最近,有研究人员利用光学成像技术首次观察到此过程。他们发现神经元应答电刺激并非只在局部发生应答。而是广泛分布并且分散的神经元同时发生应答。这项研究报告发表在8月27日出版的Neuron杂志上。
观察电刺激下神经元的应答一直以来都是一个难题,因为当使用较高电压进行刺激时,神经元产生的电流无法检测到。
为了回避这个问题,该研究的主持者Mark Histed通过一种新的光学成像方法——双光子显微镜法(two-photon microscopy),跟踪了小鼠在接受电刺激时神经元中钙离子水平。研究人员将一种特殊的化学物质引入到组织中,当钙离子水平升高时,该物质就会变亮。因此,研究人员可以看到神经元每次被激活时都会产生光亮。而且,研究人员还能够控制哪一个神经元被激活。
研究人员怀疑这种分散的神经元激活模式并非是神经元细胞体被激活,只是轴突受到了电刺激。为了证实这点,研究人员将电极尖端移至远离原刺激位点10微米的位置,10微米差不多为轴突的长度。研究人员发现,虽有同等数量的神经元被激活,但激活的神经元并不是原刺激位点周围的神经元,这说明的确是神经元细胞体接受了电刺激。
这项研究在细胞水平上揭示了大脑应答电刺激的方式,对未来该领域的试验具有指导意义。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Neuron, Volume 63, Issue 4, 508-522, 27 August 2009 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016
Direct Activation of Sparse, Distributed Populations of Cortical Neurons by Electrical Microstimulation
Mark H. Histed1,,,Vincent Bonin1andR. Clay Reid1,,
1 Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
For over a century, electrical microstimulation has been the most direct method for causally linking brain function with behavior. Despite this long history, it is still unclear how the activity of neural populations is affected by stimulation. For example, there is still no consensus on where activated cells lie or on the extent to which neural processes such as passing axons near the electrode are also activated. Past studies of this question have proven difficult because microstimulation interferes with electrophysiological recordings, which in any case provide only coarse information about the location of activated cells. We used two-photon calcium imaging, an optical method, to circumvent these hurdles. We found that microstimulation sparsely activates neurons around the electrode, sometimes as far as millimeters away, even at low currents. Our results indicate that the pattern of activated neurons likely arises from the direct activation of axons in a volume tens of microns in diameter.