通过将一束激光照进果蝇的大脑,科学家们从无到有创造出了一些新的记忆。英国伦敦皇家学院的神经科学家Simon Schultz表示,这是一项“令人惊讶的研究工作”。
记忆的形成是非常简单的,就是对那些很糟糕的并且需要避免的特殊刺激的联想。作为形成这种联想的第一步,英国牛津大学的神经科学家Gero Miesenbock和同事对果蝇究竟是喜欢3-辛醇(OCT)还是4-甲基环己醇(MCH)的气味进行了研究。接下来,研究小组在任意一种气味出现的时候,对果蝇进行了电击。自然而然地,这些果蝇开始逃避与这些气味有关的电击,即便是它们最初喜欢的气味也是如此。
Miesenbock和同事随后想要搞清的是,他们能否在不用电击的前提下让果蝇讨厌一种气味。为了实现这一目标,研究人员向果蝇大脑的不同神经回路中注射了一种转基因版本的ATP(细胞能量的一种来源)。这一次,当果蝇遇到OCT或MCH的气味时,研究人员便会向它们的大脑中反射一束激光。这一过程释放了转基因的ATP,进而激活了能够释放多巴胺——一种被认为能够在果蝇中形成令人厌恶的记忆的神经传递素——的神经细胞。毫无疑问,在OCT或MCH气味存在的情况下,暴露在激光下的果蝇会开始回避这些气味,就像它们被电击了一样。
更多的实验使得研究人员能够将这种负面强化效果限制在果蝇大脑中的仅仅12个神经细胞中。研究人员在最新出版的《细胞》杂志上报告了这一研究成果。
Schultz表示,研究人员正在给实验室小鼠中使用这种激光方法,因此这些发现在哺乳动物中进行测试的时间并不会等得太久。尽管这只是一个遥远的前景,但Schultz已经开始思索这项工作如何对人类产生帮助。他说:“想象一下,当你需要记住一些信息时,例如一首莎士比亚的十四行诗,或你的汽车修理手册,或许你可以吃下一粒小药丸。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Cell, Volume 139, Issue 2, 405-415, 16 October 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.034
Writing Memories with Light-Addressable Reinforcement Circuitry
Adam Claridge-Chang1, 3, Robert D. Roorda1, Eleftheria Vrontou1, Lucas Sjulson1, 4, Haiyan Li2, 5, Jay Hirsh2 and Gero Miesenb?ck1, ,
1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
2 Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Gilmer Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
3 Present address: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
4 Present address: Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
5 Present address: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Dopaminergic neurons are thought to drive learning by signaling changes in the expectations of salient events, such as rewards or punishments. Olfactory conditioning in Drosophila requires direct dopamine action on intrinsic mushroom body neurons, the likely storage sites of olfactory memories. Neither the cellular sources of the conditioning dopamine nor its precise postsynaptic targets are known. By optically controlling genetically circumscribed subsets of dopaminergic neurons in the behaving fly, we have mapped the origin of aversive reinforcement signals to the PPL1 cluster of 12 dopaminergic cells. PPL1 projections target restricted domains in the vertical lobes and heel of the mushroom body. Artificially evoked activity in a small number of identifiable cells thus suffices for programming behaviorally meaningful memories. The delineation of core reinforcement circuitry is an essential first step in dissecting the neural mechanisms that compute and represent valuations, store associations, and guide actions.