5月5日,美国约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的研究人员表示,他们发现黑巧克力中含有的一种化合物能在人们中风后,通过提高细胞信号量来保护患者大脑。过去的研究曾表明,细胞信号能够防止神经细胞受到损伤。
该化合物名为表儿茶素(epicatechin)。研究人员给实验鼠单次喂食适当剂量的表儿茶素,并在90分钟后采用停止给其大脑供血的方法让实验鼠出现缺血性中风。经过与对照组的比较,他们发现,预先食用了表儿茶素的实验鼠出现大脑损伤的情况要少许多。
人在中风后2到3小时是有效治疗的时间段。研究人员发现,实验鼠在中风3个半小时后食用表儿茶素仍能阻止神经元发生进一步的损伤。不过,中风6小时后再服用,在保护大脑细胞方面则毫无作用。
约翰霍普金斯大学医学院副教授沙利文·多雷博士表示,研究表明,表儿茶素能够刺激过去人们所了解的两种保护大脑神经细胞免受损失的通道。当人中风后,大脑因Nrf2和血红色氧化酶(heme oxygenase)这两个通道被激活而处于自我保护状态。但研究人员也发现,那些被挑出来的身体中两个通道缺乏活性的实验鼠在中风后,表儿茶素对其没有明显的保护作用,它们的大脑细胞出现坏死。
由于这项研究并没有进入临床试验,目前还不知道食用多少黑巧克力才能产生对大脑细胞的保护作用。研究人员表示,人们不应该将此作为食用大量黑巧克力的借口,因为黑巧克力为高卡路里和高脂肪食品。事实上,应该提醒人们注意饮食健康,多吃不同的水果和蔬菜。
多雷还表示,由于表儿茶素可能起到的是非直接作用,因此人们对其的实际需求量可能很少。
他认为,表儿茶素和其代谢物的作用可能是促进细胞进行自我保护,人体或许需要它来启动细胞中已有的保护途径。
多雷希望这项关于大脑保护通道的研究最终能够帮助深入了解减少急性中风的方法,以及用于防止慢性神经退化疾病,如阿尔茨海默氏症和其他老年性认知障碍。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.53
The flavanol (-)-epicatechin prevents stroke damage through the Nrf2/HO1 pathway
Zahoor A Shah, Rung-chi Li, Abdullah S Ahmad, Thomas W Kensler, Masayuki Yamamoto, Shyam Biswal and Sylvain Doré
Epidemiologic studies have shown that foods rich in polyphenols, such as flavanols, can lower the risk of ischemic heart disease; however, the mechanism of protection has not been clearly established. In this study, we investigated whether epicatechin (EC), a flavanol in cocoa and tea, is protective against brain ischemic damage in mice. Wild-type mice pretreated orally with 5, 15, or 30?mg/kg EC before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) had significantly smaller brain infarcts and decreased neurologic deficit scores (NDS) than did the vehicle-treated group. Mice that were posttreated with 30?mg/kg of EC at 3.5?hours after MCAO also had significantly smaller brain infarcts and decreased NDS. Similarly, WT mice pretreated with 30?mg/kg of EC and subjected to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity had significantly smaller lesion volumes. Cell viability assays with neuronal cultures further confirmed that EC could protect neurons against oxidative insults. Interestingly, the EC-associated neuroprotection was mostly abolished in mice lacking the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) or the transcriptional factor Nrf2, and in neurons derived from these knockout mice. These results suggest that EC exerts part of its beneficial effect through activation of Nrf2 and an increase in the neuroprotective HO1 enzyme.