成年哺乳动物脑的“脑室下区”(SVZ)是细胞增殖的一个重要地方,有助于神经细胞自我更新和对受伤做出反应。SVZ干细胞小环境保持有“神经干细胞”(NSCs)和“神经先祖细胞”(NPCs),二者之间的平衡是正常脑发育的关键。
Notch信号作用已知调控NSC自我更新,而EGFR (外皮生长因子受体)信号作用影响NPC增殖。Aguirre等人发现,这些通道相互作用,来通过由EGFR调节的对Notch信号作用的调控维持NSC 和 NPC细胞群之间的平衡。这一发现指出了可以作为目标来在受伤后增强NSCs 或 NPCs生成的特定信号通道。
延伸阅读:
Neuron:神经干细胞脑内移动机制
日本名古屋市立大学研究人员在的美国科学杂志《神经元》网络版上发表文章指出,他们在利用老鼠进行实验时,发现其脑内新产生的神经干细胞在脑内移动的机制。这一发现可能有助于开发治疗脑梗塞等脑部疾病的新方法。
此前,研究人员已经知道神经干细胞主要存在于成年哺乳动物侧脑室的室管膜下区,在正常情况下处于“蛰伏”状态,在脑部受到损伤等特殊情况下,神经干细胞可以增殖、迁移并且分化成新的神经元和神经胶质细胞,然后在脑的不同部位发挥相应作用,比如使受到损伤的部位再生或者发育成与嗅觉等感觉有关的细胞。但是,这些神经干细胞在细胞密布的脑内是如何移动的,一直未被专家了解清楚。
名古屋市立大学的再生医学教授泽本和延率领的研究小组发现,老鼠脑内新产生的神经干细胞在通过脑内分布最广的星形胶质细胞间隙时,会分泌一种名为“SLIT”的蛋白质,受到这种蛋白质刺激后,星形胶质细胞就会把自身凸起的部分收缩回去,从而为神经干细胞让出一条通道,使神经干细胞得以在脑内移动。星形胶质细胞是哺乳动物脑内分布最广泛的一类细胞,该细胞伸出的许多长且分叉的凸起物充填在各种神经细胞之间,起支持和分隔神经细胞的作用。
研究人员进而通过操作使老鼠的神经干细胞无法分泌“SLIT”蛋白质,结果发现神经干细胞的移动速度变得非常缓慢,星形胶质细胞也不再为其让路,这说明正是“SLIT”蛋白质使神经干细胞能够在脑内顺利移动。
在下一阶段的研究中,名古屋市立大学的研究者将尝试开发让神经干细胞高效移动到指定部位的新方法,以期更好地治疗脑梗塞等脑部疾病。
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Nature doi:10.1038/nature09347
Notch and EGFR pathway interaction regulates neural stem cell number and self-renewal
Adan Aguirre,Maria E. Rubio& Vittorio Gallo
Specialized cellular microenvironments, or ‘niches’, modulate stem cell properties, including cell number, self-renewal and fate decisions1, 2. In the adult brain, niches that maintain a source of neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus3, 4, 5. The size of the NSC population of the SVZ at any time is the result of several ongoing processes, including self-renewal, cell differentiation, and cell death. Maintaining the balance between NSCs and NPCs in the SVZ niche is critical to supply the brain with specific neural populations, both under normal conditions or after injury. A fundamental question relevant to both normal development and to cell-based repair strategies in the central nervous system is how the balance of different NSC and NPC populations is maintained in the niche. EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and Notch signalling pathways have fundamental roles during development of multicellular organisms6. In Drosophila and in Caenorhabditis elegans these pathways may have either cooperative or antagonistic functions7, 8, 9. In the SVZ, Notch regulates NSC identity and self-renewal, whereas EGFR specifically affects NPC proliferation and migration10, 11, 12, 13. This suggests that interplay of these two pathways may maintain the balance between NSC and NPC numbers. Here we show that functional cell–cell interaction between NPCs and NSCs through EGFR and Notch signalling has a crucial role in maintaining the balance between these cell populations in the SVZ. Enhanced EGFR signalling in vivo results in the expansion of the NPC pool, and reduces NSC number and self-renewal. This occurs through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism involving EGFR-mediated regulation of Notch signalling. Our findings define a novel interaction between EGFR and Notch pathways in the adult SVZ, and thus provide a mechanism for NSC and NPC pool maintenance.