美国科学家已经研制出利用思维进行控制的电脑,这项突破性成就也许有一天会为那些不会说话或瘫痪人士提供帮助。
测试过程中,试验参与者只要在脑中默念,就能移动显示器上的指针。对那些因为脑损伤或中风而失去语言能力的人来说,这具有重大意义。它能帮助残疾人控制轮椅或机械臂(robotic arm),甚至会彻底改变电脑游戏业。美国密苏里州圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院的埃里克·鲁塔德博士说:“最早的一个例子称为‘读心术’,即探测人内心深处的想法,它涉及的范围非常有限。”
鲁塔德利用ECoG技术把参与者的大脑与电脑连接在一起。他们把电极植入到这些人的大脑里,记录大脑的电活动。以前人们利用这项技术确定导致癫痫的大脑区域,并研究出有效的治疗方法。研究人员对4名年龄在36岁到48岁的患者进行研究。在检测过程中,电极发出的信号被接收到,并被记录在电脑上。这项研究成果发表在《神经工程学期刊》上,试验期间参与者都坐在电脑显示器前,通过说或者想事先确定的词来移动一个指针。例如,词“啊”是让指针右转,其他词“咿”和“哦”是让指针向上、向下和向左转。
研究人员表示,参与者很快就能熟练控制电脑,不用进行太多培训。他们希望以后能把植入物永久性植入到患者大脑,帮助他们与人交流,甚至利用电脑了解他们的想法。鲁塔德说:“我们不仅希望借助这项技术发现你的内心深处何时说了狗、树、工具或其他词,而且很想了解你的真正想法。读心术是一项令人既兴奋,又害怕的技术,但是它对那些无法与人交流和存在其他残疾的人来说,具有巨大潜能。”
过去10年间科学家已经开发了很多通过思维或脑机接口控制的电子设备。该技术曾被用来控制轮椅、电视遥控器和语音合成器。大约50%的美国截肢患者配备了由思想控制的义肢。今年2月,美国医生公布了最新版本的义肢,它通过改变大脑信号的传输路线,避开受损神经,利用完好无损的健全肌肉发送信号。佩戴者能通过思维把拇指和食指并拢在一起、抬起前臂和弯曲肘关节。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
J. Neural Eng. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/8/3/036004
Using the electrocorticographic speech network to control a brain–computer interface in humans
Eric C Leuthardt1,2,8, Charles Gaona1, Mohit Sharma1, Nicholas Szrama1,2, Jarod Roland2, Zac Freudenberg3, Jamie Solis2, Jonathan Breshears2 and Gerwin Schalk2,4,5,6,7
Electrocorticography (ECoG) has emerged as a new signal platform for brain–computer interface (BCI) systems. Classically, the cortical physiology that has been commonly investigated and utilized for device control in humans has been brain signals from the sensorimotor cortex. Hence, it was unknown whether other neurophysiological substrates, such as the speech network, could be used to further improve on or complement existing motor-based control paradigms. We demonstrate here for the first time that ECoG signals associated with different overt and imagined phoneme articulation can enable invasively monitored human patients to control a one-dimensional computer cursor rapidly and accurately. This phonetic content was distinguishable within higher gamma frequency oscillations and enabled users to achieve final target accuracies between 68% and 91% within 15 min. Additionally, one of the patients achieved robust control using recordings from a microarray consisting of 1 mm spaced microwires. These findings suggest that the cortical network associated with speech could provide an additional cognitive and physiologic substrate for BCI operation and that these signals can be acquired from a cortical array that is small and minimally invasive.