北京时间7月28日消息,一项最新研究发现,不断缩小的大脑可能是作为人类需要付出的代价。研究结果显示,只有人类的大脑会随着年龄增长而不断缩小。
随着时间推移人脑会失去一部分神经元,这也许是进化做出的妥协,是为获得更长的寿命,而和更大的大脑进行的交换,它是我们不得不接受的一个障碍。与年龄有关的海马状突起和大脑前庭等脑结构的大规模缩小,只有在人类身上才能看到。现在科学家已经证实,与我们亲缘关系最近的黑猩猩也不存在这种情况。这一特征显然是人类独有的。
由乔治华盛顿大学的彻特-舍尔伍德博士领导的美国研究人员,对99只年龄在10岁到51岁之间的黑猩猩进行了核磁共振成像大脑扫描。并把扫描结果与87名年龄在22岁到88岁的人类大脑核磁共振成像扫描图进行对比。他们发现,随着年龄增长,人类的所有大脑结构的容量都减小了。然而不同的是,老年黑猩猩并未表现出与衰老有关的明显大脑变化。
舍尔伍德的科研组在美国《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)里写道:“作为进化出更长寿命和更大的大脑的代价,人类更易出现与年龄有关的神经变性。”人类在晚年特别容易患老年痴呆症等脑病,而且记忆力和“思维”能力普遍下降。除了拥有比任何其他动物更大的大脑外,人类还更长寿。从体能上来说,人类衰老的速度比黑猩猩更加缓慢。
野生黑猩猩30岁时就会出现牙齿脱落、体重过轻、身体虚弱无力和缺乏活力等现象。然而雌性黑猩猩即便到了生命最后阶段,仍能孕育后代。人类保持身体健康的时间比黑猩猩近亲更长,但是女性到了中年就会失去生育能力。人类的绝经期大致与黑猩猩和其他大猿的死亡年龄相符。
据说活的时间更长对形成更大的大脑有好处,这包括祖母和其他老年人帮助抚养后代。不过科学家表示,这可能会导致“人类遭受更多累积的神经学方面的衰老”。他们说:“虽然扩大大脑和延长寿命让人类具备至关重要的适应能力,但是这些适应性终究是要付出代价的。这些因素导致很多老年人受到神经变性的困扰。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1016709108
PMC:
PMID:
Aging of the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees
Sherwood, Chet C.; Gordon, Adam D.; Allen, John S.; Phillips, Kimberley A.; Erwin, Joseph M.; Hof, Patrick R.; Hopkins, William D.
Several biological changes characterize normal brain aging in humans. Although some of these age-associated neural alterationsare also found in other species, overt volumetric decline of particular brain structures, such as the hippocampus and frontallobe, has only been observed in humans. However, comparable data on the effects of aging on regional brain volumes have notpreviously been available from our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. In this study, we used MRI to measure the volumeof the whole brain, total neocortical gray matter, total neocortical white matter, frontal lobe gray matter, frontal lobewhite matter, and the hippocampus in a cross-sectional sample of 99 chimpanzee brains encompassing the adult lifespan from10 to 51 y of age. We compared these data to brain structure volumes measured in 87 adult humans from 22 to 88 y of age. Incontrast to humans, who showed a decrease in the volume of all brain structures over the lifespan, chimpanzees did not displaysignificant age-related changes. Using an iterative age-range reduction procedure, we found that the significant aging effectsin humans were because of the leverage of individuals that were older than the maximum longevity of chimpanzees. Thus, weconclude that the increased magnitude of brain structure shrinkage in human aging is evolutionarily novel and the result ofan extended lifespan.