加拿大科学家研究表明,儿童的大脑对儿童的受抚养状况非常敏感。该研究发表在美国《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)8月刊上。科学家研究了一些10岁儿童,他们的母亲表现出一定的情绪消沉症状,科学家发现这些儿童大脑中与情绪反应相关的部分即杏仁核增大了。
同样但更为显著的变化,在那些最初在孤儿院中长大而后被收养的儿童的大脑中也被发现了。满足儿童需要的个性化的照料或许是这里的关键因素。蒙特利尔大学博士Sophie Parent和Jean Séguin等多年跟踪研究这些儿童,她们解释说:“其他研究表明,情绪沮丧的母亲对儿童的需要不是那么敏感,她们通常沉默寡言、淡然。”
科学家已经证实,杏仁核的功能涉及赋予信息和事件以情感意义,它与我们采取何种方式应对潜在的危险有关。在生命的早期,当我们对外部世界了解很少的时候,我们特别需要去了解新经历是安全的还是危险的。确实,针对其他哺乳动物例如灵长类动物的研究表明,杏仁核在出生后短期内迅速增长。“我们还不确定,观察到的这种增大是否是源于长期处于低质量照顾中。但是我们发现在情绪消沉的妈妈照顾下成长与增大的杏仁核有关联。”
Lupien认为:“拥有增大的杏仁核可能是一种保护行为,能够增加生存的机会。”杏仁核发挥保护作用的方式是生成一种应激激素名为糖皮质激素。研究人员注意到,参与研究的、其母亲表现出情绪消沉状态的儿童的糖皮质激素水平,在儿童处于陌生环境中时,将明显地提升,这显示出儿童增大了对压力的反应。成长于与那些儿童类似的环境中的成人,当参加实验室压力测试时,表现出较高的糖皮质激素水平和更大的糖皮质激素反应。“这种对压力增大的反应长期会有怎样的后果,到目前为止还不清楚。”
尽管这项研究尚未能搞清楚杏仁核增大的原因,研究人员注意到,收养研究也显示出,那些幼年即被相对富裕的家庭收养的儿童的杏仁核并没有增大。Lupien认为,“这种现象强烈地暗示,大脑或许对于生命早期的发展环境有着高度的灵敏反应,同时也确定了开展早期干预以帮助儿童克服逆境的重要性。” Séguin补充说:“胎儿和婴儿时期护士进行家访、改善日托的条件等措施或许能够缓和因父母照顾而对儿童大脑带来的影响。下一步的一些研究,比如测试这些预防项目的效果、观察儿童在不同阶段受到情绪消沉母亲影响以及观察儿童以不同的时间长度受母亲的影响等,这些研究将让我们更清楚地了解杏仁核为什么会增大,长期会带来怎样的后果,以及如何能阻止这种情况的发生。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1105371108
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PMID:
Larger amygdala but no change in hippocampal volume in 10-year-old children exposed to maternal depressive symptomatology since birth
Lupien, Sonia J.; Parent, Sophie; Evans, Alan C.; Tremblay, Richard E.; Zelazo, Philip David; Corbo, Vincent; Pruessner, Jens C.; Séguin, Jean R.
Maternal separation and poor maternal care in animals have been shown to have important effects on the developing hippocampusand amygdala. In humans, children exposed to abuse/maltreatment or orphanage rearing do not present changes in hippocampalvolumes. However, children reared in orphanages present enlarged amygdala volumes, suggesting that the amygdala may be particularlysensitive to severely disturbed (i.e., discontinous, neglectful) care in infancy. Maternal depressive symptomatology has beenassociated with reductions in overall sensitivity to the infant, and with an increased rate of withdrawn, disengaged behaviors.To determine if poor maternal care associated with maternal depressive symptomatology has a similar pattern of associationto the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala in children, as is the case for severely disturbed infant care (orphanage rearing),we measured hippocampal and amygdala volumes as well as stress hormone (glucocorticoid) levels in children exposed (n = 17) or not (n = 21) to maternal depressive symptomatology since birth. Results revealed no group difference in hippocampal volumes, butlarger left and right amygdala volumes and increased levels of glucocorticoids in the children of mothers presenting depressivesymptomatology since birth. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between mothers' mean depressive scoresand amygdala volumes in their children. The results of this study suggest that amygdala volume in human children may representan early marker of biological sensitivity to quality of maternal care.