据美国物理学家组织网10月31日(北京时间)报道,最近,美国埃默里大学医学院和芝加哥大学研究人员合作,绘制出了小鼠大脑中5-羟甲基胞嘧啶(5-hmC)的图谱,显示出该碱基从发育到老化的生命过程中随基因组变化而变化的分布方式。相关论文发表在《自然—神经科学》杂志网站上。
此前的研究认为,5-羟甲基胞嘧啶只是一种过渡状态的碱基,而新图谱表明,5-羟甲基胞嘧啶不止是一种中间状态,其在干细胞和脑细胞中还有着特殊的平衡功能,让一种基因在被抑制之后重新打开。2009年,科学家发现一种名为5-羟甲基胞嘧啶的新碱基大量分布于人体干细胞到脑细胞的DNA中,并称之为“第六种核苷酸”,扩展了基因家族字母表。
5-羟甲基胞嘧啶是一种表观修饰胞嘧啶。胞嘧啶是构成DNA的4种碱基之一,表观修饰是基因被打开或关闭发生的变化,并非构成DNA序列的部分。5-羟甲基胞嘧啶和另外一种起修饰作用的DNA碱基5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-mC)很相似,但它们之间的差异受到化学技术的限制一直无法分辨。
研究人员用一种化学标记法给5-羟甲基胞嘧啶作了标记,研究了其在小鼠大脑发育过程中的分布变化。结果发现,5-羟甲基胞嘧啶和5-甲基胞嘧啶不同,5-羟甲基胞嘧啶更多出现在活跃基因中,尤其是脑细胞,而5-甲基胞嘧啶通常出现在那些关闭基因或是基因组的重复“垃圾”区。当干细胞变成了构成血液、肌肉和脑神经的细胞时,5-甲基胞嘧啶会帮助关闭基因,而且这些被关闭的基因不再打开。
根据研究显示,5-羟甲基胞嘧啶在DNA中只出现在5-甲基胞嘧啶曾经出现过的地方。这表明5-羟甲基胞嘧啶好像一种临时信号,预示着细胞将要清除5-甲基胞嘧啶标记。
论文作者之一、埃默里大学医学院人类遗传学副教授金鹏(音译)表示,目前他们正开始绘制雷特综合征和自闭症等神经紊乱疾病中5-羟甲基胞嘧啶的变化方式,并打算进一步提高探测分辨率。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nn.2959
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5-hmC–mediated epigenetic dynamics during postnatal neurodevelopment and aging
Keith E Szulwach, Xuekun Li, Yujing Li, Chun-Xiao Song, Hao Wu, Qing Dai, Hasan Irier, Anup K Upadhyay, Marla Gearing, Allan I Levey, Aparna Vasanthakumar, Lucy A Godley, Qiang Chang, Xiaodong Cheng, Chuan He & Peng Jin
DNA methylation dynamics influence brain function and are altered in neurological disorders. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), a DNA base that is derived from 5-methylcytosine, accounts for ~40% of modified cytosine in the brain and has been implicated in DNA methylation–related plasticity. We mapped 5-hmC genome-wide in mouse hippocampus and cerebellum at three different ages, which allowed us to assess its stability and dynamic regulation during postnatal neurodevelopment through adulthood. We found developmentally programmed acquisition of 5-hmC in neuronal cells. Epigenomic localization of 5-hmC–regulated regions revealed stable and dynamically modified loci during neurodevelopment and aging. By profiling 5-hmC in human cerebellum, we found conserved genomic features of 5-hmC. Finally, we found that 5-hmC levels were inversely correlated with methyl-CpG–binding protein 2 dosage, a protein encoded by a gene in which mutations cause Rett syndrome. These data suggest that 5-hmC–mediated epigenetic modification is critical in neurodevelopment and diseases.