近日,据国外媒体报道,美国哈佛大学干细胞研究所的杰弗里·马克利斯及其研究团队的一项新研究表明,神经元移植能够修复受损的大脑回路。这一发现有望推动自闭症和帕金森综合征等脑部受损疾病的治疗。
据悉,这些科学家从健康老鼠胚胎中取出神经元,并将其移植到肥胖荷尔蒙(即瘦素)缺失的成年肥胖老鼠体内。肥胖荷尔蒙的功能是促进新陈代谢,抑制食欲,控制体重。
研究发现,这些神经元在成年老鼠体内存活,融入其大脑回路,分化成4种神经元,与已有的神经元相整合,对肥胖荷尔蒙、胰岛素和葡萄糖有所回应。上述情况表明,植入的神经元已经修复了成年老鼠的大脑回路。接受神经元移植的患病老鼠,比同类未接受治疗的老鼠体重轻30%。
对于这项研究成果,科学家们表示,他们的研究目标是治疗帕金森病、自闭症、癫痫等运动神经元疾病和脊椎受损疾病,研究肥胖症状只是因为其视觉效果比较明显。
马克利斯说:“我们用复杂的(大脑)回路来做实验,看看通过精心挑选和控制的神经元移植是否能够使受损的脑神经重新连接。研究表明,神经元不仅能够发展成相应的细胞,还能发出和接受受体大脑的信号。”
鉴于这次试验的成功,马克利斯对未来的研究信心满满。他说:“我们下一步将研究移植神经元是否能修复其他的大脑回路和脊髓神经,这些将涉及到运动神经元疾病和脊髓损伤。至于我们能不能重塑哺乳动物的大脑回路,我想我们是可以的。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1126/science.1209870
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Transplanted Hypothalamic Neurons Restore Leptin Signaling and Ameliorate Obesity in db/db Mice
Artur Czupryn, Yu-Dong Zhou, Xi Chen, David McNay, Matthew P. Anderson, Jeffrey S. Flier, Jeffrey D. Macklis
Evolutionarily old and conserved homeostatic systems in the brain, including the hypothalamus, are organized into nuclear structures of heterogeneous and diverse neuron populations. To investigate whether such circuits can be functionally reconstituted by synaptic integration of similarly diverse populations of neurons, we generated physically chimeric hypothalami by microtransplanting small numbers of embryonic enhanced green fluorescent protein–expressing, leptin-responsive hypothalamic cells into hypothalami of postnatal leptin receptor–deficient (db/db) mice that develop morbid obesity. Donor neurons differentiated and integrated as four distinct hypothalamic neuron subtypes, formed functional excitatory and inhibitory synapses, partially restored leptin responsiveness, and ameliorated hyperglycemia and obesity in db/db mice. These experiments serve as a proof of concept that transplanted neurons can functionally reconstitute complex neuronal circuitry in the mammalian brain.