仙女蜂(Megaphragma mymaripenne)确实微小,如此之微小,人们很难用肉眼看到它们。当跟阿米巴变形虫和草履虫一起放在载玻片上,它是当中最小的有机体。正因为此,俄罗斯莫斯科国立大学的一个研究小组开始着手研究如此微小的昆虫种神经系统将如何运转。就像该小组在发表在Science Direct旗下杂志上的论文描述的那样,仙女峰,昆虫界第三小的生物,拥有大量没有细胞核的神经元。
细胞核对于细胞而言通常非常重要,毕竟那是储存DNA的地方。它也是细胞发挥功能的一部分,如更新蛋白从而让细胞保持活性。这当然就让研究人员好奇如果一个昆虫的大多数神经元没有细胞核,它将如何能够存活下来。
研究小组发现秘密就在于该昆虫如此小,在虫蛹阶段发育的神经元(带有完整细胞核)明显地制造出足够多的蛋白来维持它成年时期的全部5天生活,因而就不再需要细胞核,绝大部分细胞核通过爆裂的形式被摧毁,以便使得细胞变得更小并为其他更加重要的细胞腾出空间。研究小组注意到这是首次记录的在野外存在的无需细胞核的神经元案例。
研究小组还发现仙女蜂神经系统是世界上最小神经系统之一,只有7400个神经元,但是能够飞行、寻找食物和计算出在何处安置它的卵;相比于另一种微小昆虫的卵,它的卵长度不大于1微米。它是通过将它的神经系统几乎全部只塞进它的头部来实现这一壮举的,因而才需要尽可能地缩小神经元数目和降低细胞大小。
仙女蜂也有其他的变动之处从而允许能够以尺寸小的状态存活下来。比如,它拥有一个缩小的翅膀表面,这就意味着相比于其他较大的昆虫运动时产生的拍打,它的翅膀简直就是沧海之一粟,只够让它随着移动的空气在四周飘移。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.09.001
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The smallest insects evolve anucleate neurons
Alexey A. Polilov
The smallest insects are comparable in size to unicellular organisms. Thus, their size affects their structure not only at the organ level, but also at the cellular level. Here we report the first finding of animals with an almost entirely anucleate nervous system. Adults of the smallest flying insects of the parasitic wasp genus Megaphragma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) have only 339–372 nuclei in the central nervous system, i.e., their ganglia, including the brain, consist almost exclusively of processes of neurons. In contrast, their pupae have ganglia more typical of other insects, with about 7400 nuclei in the central nervous system. During the final phases of pupal development, most neuronal cell bodies lyse. As adults, these insects have many fewer nucleated neurons, a small number of cell bodies in different stages of lysis, and about 7000 anucleate cells. Although most neurons lack nuclei, these insects exhibit many important behaviors, including flight and searching for hosts.