一个由美国纽约大学和加利福尼亚大学欧文分校神经学家组成的研究小组利用加利福尼亚海兔,对形成短期、中期和长期记忆过程中,神经元分子活动的时间顺序和空间位置进行了区分。这一成果为记忆形成的分子活动提供了最新解释,也为开发相关疾病的干预疗法带来了更好的地图。相关论文发表在最近的美国《国家科学院学报》上。
“记忆形成不是简单地将分子活动打开或关闭,而是由分子间相互作用和运动的复杂的时空关系所产生。”该研究领导纽约大学文理学院院长、神经科学中心教授托马斯·卡鲁说,“我们的发现为‘记忆是怎样产生的’这一问题提供了更深入理解。”
此前,神经科学家已经从多个方面揭示了与记忆形成有关的分子信号,但对记忆形成过程中分子的空间关系、分子活动的时间顺序还知之甚少。在早些的研究中,已经发现有两种分子MAPK和PKA与多种记忆形式以及突触形状改变有关,也就是说与神经元相互作用后脑中发生的改变有关,但还不清楚它们是在何时、何处以及怎样发生这些作用的。
为解决这一问题,该研究小组利用了加利福尼亚海兔(一种海洋软体动物,也叫海蛞蝓)的神经元。海兔是一种良好的神经生物模型,它们的神经元比高等生物,如脊椎动物,要大10倍到50倍,而且其神经网络相对较小——这些特性让科学家很容易检查记忆形成过程中的分子信号。此外,它们的记忆编码机制在进化过程中高度保守,几乎没什么改变,也和哺乳动物的记忆编码机制很相似,这些都使它们成为研究人类记忆过程的最佳模型。
新研究集中在MAPK和PKA这两种分子上。研究人员对海兔进行了感受增强训练,对它们的尾部施加温和电击,诱导它们形成更强的条件反射行为,即温和地激活其尾部神经结构,然后对MAPK和PKA的分子活性进行检查。
他们发现,MAPK和PKA的活动在空间和时间上协调配合,尤其在形成中期记忆(几个小时)和长期记忆(几天)时,MAPK和PKA的活性都被激发,MAPK刺激了PKA的活动;而在短期记忆(不到30分钟)中,只有PKA的活性被激发,MAPK并未参与。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1209956109
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Local synaptic integration of mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase A signaling mediates intermediate-term synaptic facilitation in Aplysia
Ye X, Marina A, Carew TJ.
It is widely appreciated that memory processing engages a wide range of molecular signaling cascades in neurons, but how these cascades are temporally and spatially integrated is not well understood. To explore this important question, we used Aplysia californica as a model system. We simultaneously examined the timing and subcellular location of two signaling molecules, MAPK (ERK1/2) and protein kinase A (PKA), both of which are critical for the formation of enduring memory for sensitization. We also explored their interaction during the formation of enduring synaptic facilitation, a cellular correlate of memory, at tail sensory-to-motor neuron synapses. We find that repeated tail nerve shock (TNS, an analog of sensitizing training) immediately and persistently activates MAPK in both sensory neuron somata and synaptic neuropil. In contrast, we observe immediate PKA activation only in the synaptic neuropil. It is followed by PKA activation in both compartments 1 h after TNS. Interestingly, blocking MAPK activation during, but not after, TNS impairs PKA activation in synaptic neuropil without affecting the delayed PKA activation in sensory neuron somata. Finally, by applying inhibitors restricted to the synaptic compartment, we show that synaptic MAPK activation during TNS is required for the induction of intermediate-term synaptic facilitation, which leads to the persistent synaptic PKA activation required to maintain this facilitation. Collectively, our results elucidate how MAPK and PKA signaling cascades are spatiotemporally integrated in a single neuron to support synaptic plasticity underlying memory formation.