在现实生活中,视觉和嗅觉都可以帮助人类习得和辨认物体,同时这两种通道之间也存在相互影响。已有的研究显示,视觉信息可以促进人们对相应嗅觉信息的探测,嗅觉信息也能反过来调节视觉信息的加工。但是人们对于这种跨通道交互作用发生在大脑加工的哪个阶段还不是很清楚。中国科学院心理研究所周雯研究员及合作者最近通过实验发现鼻两侧对视觉加工表现出不同的调制效应,从而证明了在大脑加工的初级阶段就已经发生了视觉和嗅觉的跨通道整合。
实验一中,研究者巧妙利用了视觉系统和嗅觉系统在初级信息加工中神经传导通路的偏侧化现象(初级视觉信息加工为对侧传导,初级嗅觉信息加工为同侧传导)。实验采用“双眼竞争”范式,在被试左右眼同一视野(左/右)同时分别呈现两张不同的图片,同时向被试的一侧鼻孔(左/右)呈现相应的嗅觉刺激。实验结果显示,当图片与其相应的嗅觉刺激为对侧呈现时(投射到同一侧大脑半球),被试在双眼竞争中感知该图片的时间更长。这种偏侧优化效应证明嗅觉对视觉信息的调控在大脑的初级加工阶段就已发生。
实验二中,研究者进一步探讨嗅觉对视觉的调制是否也作用于类别选择特异性的视觉区域(例如,文字字形主要在左半球梭状回得到加工,对身体的特异性表征位于右半球梭状回和纹外皮层)。实验者在被试双眼的中央视野分别同时呈现文字和身体图片,同时给被试一侧鼻孔(左/右)呈现与图片一致或无关的气味刺激。实验结果显示,当被试右侧鼻孔闻汗液气味时,他们在双眼竞争中感知身体图片的时间显著増长。这种偏侧优化效应也就验证了嗅觉对于类别特异性的视觉加工过程的影响。
实验三中将双眼竞争的图片替换为呈现在中央视野的香蕉图片和文字“玫瑰”,并向被试的鼻子一侧呈现玫瑰或香蕉气味。虽然“玫瑰”的字形和语意的加工都偏侧化在左半球,但在这个实验中并没有出现实验一与实验二中嗅觉对视觉调制的偏侧优化效应,即被试左侧和右侧鼻孔闻玫瑰气味对“玫瑰”文字主导时间的影响是相仿的。由此,实验一与实验二中嗅觉对视觉基于解剖和功能偏侧化的优化调节与语义加工无关,而是一种发生在大脑加工初级阶段,基于感觉输入一致性的整合过程。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2649-12.2012.
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Nostril-specific olfactory modulation of visual perception in binocular rivalry.
Zhou W, Zhang X, Chen J, Wang L, Chen D.
It is known that olfaction and vision can work in tandem to represent object identities. What is yet unclear is the stage of the sensory processing hierarchy at which the two types of inputs converge. Here we study this issue through a well established visual phenomenon termed binocular rivalry. We show that smelling an odor from one nostril significantly enhances the dominance time of the congruent visual image in the contralateral visual field, relative to that in the ipsilateral visual field. Moreover, such lateralization-based enhancement extends to category selective regions so that when two images of words and human body, respectively, are engaged in rivalry in the central visual field, smelling natural human body odor from the right nostril increases the dominance time of the body image compared with smelling it from the left nostril. Semantic congruency alone failed to produce this effect in a similar setting. These results, taking advantage of the anatomical and functional lateralizations in the olfactory and visual systems, highlight the functional dissociation of the two nostrils and provide strong evidence for an object-based early convergence of olfactory and visual inputs in sensory representations.