据每日科学网站报道,发表在近日《神经科学期刊》上的一项最新研究显示,雄性幼鼠比雌性同类拥有更多的可促进语言发育的特定脑蛋白。同时,研究人员还通过对一群小孩子进行测试,发现人类脑蛋白也存在性别差异。这一发现可能揭示动物之间通信和人类语言交流方面的性别差异。
孩童在初学语言和语言发展阶段表现出了明显的性别差异——平均而言,女孩往往说话比较早,而且比同龄男孩的语言表达内容更复杂。科学家们一直在探讨这些差异的起因和意义。以往的研究表明,在人类、鸟类和其它哺乳动物当中,Foxp2蛋白在语言交流方面扮演着重要角色。
在这项新实验中,马里兰大学医学院的迈克尔·鲍尔斯、玛格丽特·麦卡锡以及他们的同事对大脑发育过程中Foxp2蛋白表达的性别差异是否会造成男女交流上的差异进行了研究。
他们分析了出生仅4天的雄性和雌性幼鼠大脑中Foxp2蛋白的基本情况,并将它们与父母或者兄弟姐妹分开时发出的超声波悲鸣声进行了比较。结果显示,与雌性相比,雄性幼鼠大脑与认知、情感和发声相关的区域中Foxp2蛋白的含量更多,而且在5分钟左右的分离期中,它们制造的噪音是雌性的两倍,由此被母亲最先发现并带回巢。
但是,当研究人员减少雄性幼鼠大脑中Foxp2蛋白,并给雌性幼鼠注射更多Foxp2蛋白时,情况出现了颠倒——雌性幼鼠发出的叫声更像雄性,而雄性的叫声更像雌性。这种变化导致母亲的行为也发生了转变,它会优先带雌性幼鼠回巢。
此外,研究人员还对一群孩子进行了Foxp2蛋白的初步研究。他们发现,与幼鼠中雄性的Foxp2蛋白较多不同,在控制语言的脑区皮质里,女孩比同龄男孩拥有更多的Foxp2蛋白。
“这是首个报告人类或动物大脑中与语言相关的蛋白的表达存在性别差异的研究之一。”麦卡锡说,“这些发现增加了大脑和行为方面的性别差异比此前认为的更普遍、建立得更早的可能性。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0425-12.2013
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Foxp2 Mediates Sex Differences in Ultrasonic Vocalization by Rat Pups and Directs Order of Maternal Retrieval
J. Michael Bowers, Miguel Perez-Pouchoulen, N. Shalon Edwards, and Margaret M. McCarthy
The FOXP2 gene is central to acquisition of speech and language in humans and vocal production in birds and mammals. Rodents communicate via ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and newborn pups emit distress USVs when separated from their dam, thereby facilitating their retrieval. We observed that isolated male rat pups emitted substantially more USV calls and these were characterized by a significantly lower frequency and amplitude compared with female rat pups. Moreover, the dam was more likely to first retrieve male pups back to the nest, then females. The amount of Foxp2 protein was significantly higher in multiple regions of the developing male brain compared with females and a reduction of brain Foxp2 by siRNA eliminated the sex differences in USVs and altered the order of pup retrieval. Our results implicate Foxp2 as a component of the neurobiological basis of sex differences in vocal communication in mammals. We extended these observations to humans, a species reported to have gender differences in language acquisition, and found the amount of FOXP2 protein in the left hemisphere.