?Pennsylvania州立大学兽医学学院的研究者发现,鱼和哺乳动物B细胞的原始模型和白细胞的免役系统存在独特的进化相关性。他们的研究把哺乳动物适当的免役系统(在这里B细胞产生抗体抵抗感染)与鱼更原始的先天免疫性(在这里B细胞参与吞噬作用)在进化上的关联性联系起来,B细胞参与的吞噬作用是免疫系统的细胞摄取外源颗粒和微生物的过程。
??这项研究在线出版在自然免疫学杂志上,将其作为十月期刊封面代表哺乳动物免疫系统一个相当大的进化步骤,同时也为鱼类疫苗的发展提供了一个潜在的新策略。
??病理学系J. Oriol Sunyer教授说:“在调查鱼B细胞时,我们发现他们主动攻击和吃外源异物,根据当前的定论,这种行为在B细胞中不应该发生,我认为这为免疫防御最原始的形式之间的联系提供了一个很好的证据,鱼,以及更高等的人类和吉他的哺乳动物都存在免疫应答而幸存。”
??大约在400万年前,现代鱼的最古老祖先脱离了进化途径而成为现代哺乳动物最古老的祖先,在现代哺乳动物中,B细胞积极响应免疫系统,重要是产生抗体识别外源颗粒和微生物所带来的破坏。哺乳动物有吞噬细胞,但他们是区别于驱动其他白细胞复杂的相互作用的特有少数细胞。
??Sunyer和同事在检查虹鳟鱼和鲶鱼时发现了以前不受怀疑的B细胞的活性。研究者认为,攻击性B细胞大约占了鱼类所有免疫细胞的30%~40%,而吞噬细胞在哺乳动物免疫细胞中仅仅占有很小的部分。进一步的研究表明,两栖动物B细胞保留着消化特性的重要部分。
??Sunyer说:“两栖类和鱼类的免疫系统不比我们的免疫系统先进,只有你有一个未发育的合适免疫系统时,才有助于更多的吞噬细胞来补偿,这就是400多万年前发生在鱼身上的现象。”
??在过去,研究更“原始”物种免疫系统的研究者通过研究发现了人类和其他哺乳动物与免疫应答有关的关键分子和途径。例如,B细胞本身在1960年首次在鸡中发现。根据Sunyer,Penn不仅对鱼免疫细胞的进化和功能的理解有着重要作用,而且也为哺乳动物B细胞新作用提供了新思路。
??“在这点上,我们不能排除吞噬性B细胞小亚群的可能性,或许,鱼类现在的残留在哺乳动物体内仍然存在,”Snuyer说。
??他们这些发现在农业上也有关联。例如,当前农场鲑鱼疫苗适合鱼的免疫应答,这项研究比以前认为的具有更小的鱼类免疫系统。
??Sunyer说:“如果我们能产生刺激吞噬性B细胞对感染作出应答的疫苗的话,我们就能驾御鱼类免疫性的强度,长期来看,农业越发达,对鱼产生的环境噪音就越大,所以就需要更好的疫苗使鱼类免受毁坏增加渔民的收入。”
??毫无疑问,尽管行为不同,鱼B细胞代表着哺乳动物B细胞少许先进的版本。Snuyer发现细胞结构被用来限定存在于鱼B细胞的人类B细胞,这就是为什么他们一开始不能被当作B细胞标志的原因。
??Sunyer说:“这里,我们有免疫系统、原始吞噬细胞的部分照片,免疫系统在过去比现在扮演了更复杂的角色,我们要通过在所有生物体中间研究免疫系统来获悉我们的健康还需要一定的时间。”
英文原文:
Link between Fish and Mammal Immune Systems Revealed by Killer B cells
An evolutionary link between the immune systems of fish and mammals in the form of a primitive version of B cells, white blood cells of the immune system has been discovered by researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine.
Their studies link the evolution of the adaptive immune system in mammals, where B cells produce antibodies to fight infection, to the more primitive innate immunity in fish, where they found that B cells take part in phagocytosis (literally: cell eating), the process by which cells of the immune system ingest foreign particles and microbes.
The finding, which appears in the online version of Nature Immunology and will be featured on the cover of the October issue, represents a sizeable evolutionary step for the mammalian immune system and offers a potential new strategy for developing much-needed fish vaccines. "When examining fish B cells we see them actively attacking and eating foreign bodies, which is a behavior that, according to the current dogma, just shouldn't happen in B cells," said J. Oriol Sunyer, a professor in Penn Vet's Department of Pathobiology. "I believe it is evidence for a very real connection between the most primitive forms of immunological defense, which has survived in fish, and the more advanced, adaptive immune response seen in humans and other mammals."
About 400 million years ago, the earliest ancestors of modern fish split off of the evolutionary pathway that became the earliest ancestors of modern mammals. In modern mammals, the B cell is a highly adapted part of the immune system chiefly responsible for, among other things, the creation of antibodies that tag foreign particles and microbes for destruction. Mammals have phagocytic cells, but they are a specialized few cells identified apart from the complex interactions that drive other white blood