受到病毒感染后,会产生少量的T 细胞以杀死受到病毒感染的细胞,这些细胞仍会维持长时间的免疫力。这些所谓的记忆T 细胞,是来自于CD8 T 细胞的免疫细胞家族,会进行自我更新的过程。
这个持续的过程可以确保免疫系统对抗相同病毒的重复感染,甚而长达数十年。但是并非所有感染都能造成相同的影响。大部分的病毒可以在几天或几星期内就从身体清除,但是有些感染,如HIV或C型肝炎病毒感染等慢性疾病,就不一样了。
有些研究建议,在慢性感染期间产生的病毒特异性CD8 T 细胞,并不具有急性感染后产生的CD8 T 细胞之特性。
现在,Wistar研究所的科学家,发现为了对抗慢性感染而产生的CD8 T 细胞,其运作方式与急性感染后产生的CD8 T 细胞不同,完全依据病毒是否存在,来决定这些T细胞的维持。
就研究结果来看,免疫系统面对病毒感染时,会以二种非常不同的细胞类型来反应之。在急性感染时,即使病毒已经完全清除,体内仍存在着可以自我更新的记忆T 细胞。但是受到慢性感染时,则有完全不同的T 细胞,受到不同的路径和机制所控制。
此外,研究结果也发现,与慢性感染有关的CD8 T 细胞,对于IL-7 和IL-15的反应不佳,IL-7 和IL-15是急性感染后,需要维持记忆T 细胞所需的生长因子。
因此,慢性感染期间维持的CD8 T 细胞,建立了一个完全不同的细胞分裂模式,而可以迅速地转变细胞,这项发现有助于设计新的慢性感染疾病之治疗方式。这项研究发表于4月16 日的The Journal of Experimental Medicine中。
(资料来源 : Bio.com)
原始出处:
部分英文原文:
Published online 9 April 2007
doi:10.1084/jem.20061937
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 204, No. 4, 941-949
© The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007 $15.00
Viral antigen and extensive division maintain virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection
Haina Shin1, Shawn D. Blackburn1, Joseph N. Blattman2, and E. John Wherry1
1 Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
2 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
CORRESPONDENCE E. John Wherry: jwherry@wistar.org
Efficient maintenance of memory CD8 T cells is central to long-term protective immunity. IL-7– and IL-15–driven homeostatic proliferation is essential for long-term memory CD8 T cell persistence after acute infections. During chronic infections, however, virus-specific CD8 T cells respond poorly to these cytokines. Yet, virus-specific CD8 T cells often persist for long periods of time during chronic infections. We have addressed this apparent paradox by examining the mechanism for maintaining virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection. We find that homeostatic cytokines (e.g., IL-7/15), inflammatory signals, and priming of recent thymic emigrants are not sufficient to maintain virus-specific CD8 T cells over time during chronic infection. Rather, our results demonstrate that viral peptide is required for virus-specific CD8 T cell persistence during chronic infection. Moreover, this viral antigen-dependent maintenance results in a dramatically different type of T cell division than is normally observed during memory T cell homeostasis. Rather than undergoing slow, steady homeostatic turnover during chronic viral infection, CD8 T cells undergo extensive peptide-dependent division, yet cell numbers remain relatively stable. These results indicate that antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses during persisting infection are maintained by a mechanism distinct from that after acute infection.