生物谷报道:美国科学家最近惊奇地发现,一种古老的生物——变形虫(social amoeba,学名Dictyostelium discoideum,又称阿米巴虫)体内存在着免疫系统。除本身的重要性外,该发现还有望加深人们对单细胞生物向多细胞生物转变的认识。相关论文发表在8月3日的《科学》杂志上。
单个变形虫一般是单细胞的,而当它们面临生存压力(比如饥饿)时,这些单细胞生物会结合起来,形成可以移动的多细胞生物——蛞蝓(slug)。蛞蝓能够制造新的细胞并完成特定的孢子生殖功能。
在最新的研究中,美国贝勒医学院(Baylor College of Medicine)的生物学家Adam Kuspa和同事在蛞蝓体内发现了一种新的具有免疫功能的噬菌细胞,他们称之为“岗哨细胞”(sentinel cell)。
研究表明,岗哨细胞在蛞蝓体内循环流通,吞噬入侵的细菌并且“扣押”毒素,并最终将它们排出体外。而岗哨细胞的这种作用是基于细胞内Toll/Interleukin-1受体蛋白(简称TirA)的调控。研究人员表示,蛞蝓体内的这种信号路径与植物和动物中的十分类似,而在真菌中尚没有发现该调控机制。
Kuspa表示,“近十年来,变形虫逐渐被认为是最主要的四类真核生物形式之一(分别是植物、动物、真菌和变形虫)。而这四类生物中已有三类被证实存在类似的免疫系统,因此我相信,所有多细胞动物的祖先都具有这一免疫机制。”
研究人员推测,从另一方面而言,单细胞生物转变为多细胞生物的一个特性很可能就是要识别自己,排除异己,而识别自己的“标志”很可能就是免疫系统。
进一步的研究有望检验这一推测。Kuspa表示,“如果所有进化为多细胞生物的早期生物都发展出了类似的免疫信号系统,那无疑将大大支持我们的论断。”(科学网 任霄鹏/编译)
原始出处:
Science 3 August 2007:
Vol. 317. no. 5838, pp. 678 - 681
DOI: 10.1126/science.1143991
Immune-like Phagocyte Activity in the Social Amoeba
Guokai Chen,1* Olga Zhuchenko,1* Adam Kuspa1,2,3
Social amoebae feed on bacteria in the soil but aggregate when starved to form a migrating slug. We describe a previously unknown cell type in the social amoeba, which appears to provide detoxification and immune-like functions and which we term sentinel (S) cells. S cells were observed to engulf bacteria and sequester toxins while circulating within the slug, eventually being sloughed off. A Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain protein, TirA, was also required for some S cell functions and for vegetative amoebae to feed on live bacteria. This apparent innate immune function in social amoebae, and the use of TirA for bacterial feeding, suggest an ancient cellular foraging mechanism that may have been adapted to defense functions well before the diversification of the animals.
1 Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
3 Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: akuspa@bcm.tmc.edu