生物谷报道:来自宾夕法尼亚大学医学院的研究者近日发现,一些之前认为促进细胞凋亡的蛋白,在调控免疫细胞的成熟和增殖方面也起着重要的作用。外来抗原对T细胞受体的激活,启动了钙离子介导的信号通路,从而促使细胞分化和生长。宾夕法尼亚大学的科学家发现,缺少促凋亡蛋白(pro-death protein)Bax和Bak,细胞中的钙信号通路会受阻,能量合成也会降低。反之,当Bax的数量再次回升时,细胞通路方面的问题也得到了纠正,能量合成也增强了,进而促进了细胞分裂。此项研究成果刊登在了Immunity杂志上,证实了研究小组的猜想,即代谢性的细胞活性直接参与调控着细胞的生死决定。
已经有较多的研究表明,缺乏Bax(Bcl-2相关的X蛋白)和Bak(Bcl-2拮抗剂)的细胞,在正常细胞会进行程序性死亡或凋亡的条件下,却依然生存下来。但有一个问题却未能得到合理解释,即缺失这些关键蛋白的淋巴细胞为何不能激发更强的免疫反应,而且在刺激之下也不能正常地增殖。
“我们的结果表明它们其实是同一件事,” 通讯作者Thompson(肿瘤生物学和医学教授)解释说,“两项发现的分子基础都是Bax和Bak在细胞内膜上的作用机制。”
在实验过程中,研究小组发现缺乏两种蛋白的T细胞在受体接受外来刺激后,增殖水平与正常细胞相比显著下降。深入的研究发现突变细胞的胞内钙离子释放的数量和速率都已发生改变。
钙信号的不足量无法刺激线粒体(细胞内的能量工厂)。线粒体活化的失败,一种能量合成的副产物活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)也无法正常合成。因为ROS是一种通知细胞分裂的分子,细胞增殖也因此停滞了下来。
尽管Thompson的研究小组只是研究了Bax和Bak在T细胞中的作用,但他们认为此项发现很有可能同样适用于许多其他类型的细胞。当一个细胞接收到增加代谢的信号时,它就会增强线粒体的活性,以及能量的合成。这就使得细胞合成出的能量超出它的需要量,从而释放出ROS。“线粒体所释放的ROS才是真正促使细胞增殖的分子,我们认为这是所有细胞增殖的分子基础。”
原始出处:
Immunity, Vol 26, 335-344, 23 March 2007
Article
Ikaros DNA-Binding Proteins as Integral Components of B Cell Developmental-Stage-Specific Regulatory Circuits
Elizabeth C. Thompson,1 Bradley S. Cobb,1,2 Pierangela Sabbattini,4 Sonja Meixlsperger,5 Vania Parelho,1 David Liberg,1 Benjamin Taylor,1 Niall Dillon,4 Katia Georgopoulos,6 Hassan Jumaa,5 Stephen T. Smale,2,3 Amanda G. Fisher,1 and Matthias Merkenschlager1,
1 Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
3 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
4 Gene Regulation and Chromatin Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
5 Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
6 Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
Corresponding author
Matthias Merkenschlager
matthias.merkenschlager@csc.mrc.ac.uk
Ikaros DNA-binding proteins are critical for the development of lymphocytes and other hematopoietic lineages, but it remains unclear how they cooperate with other regulators of signaling and transcription to achieve ordered gene expression during development. Here, we show that Ikaros proteins regulate the pre-BCR component λ5 in a stage-specific manner. In pre-BI cells, Ikaros modulated λ5 expression in competition with the transcriptional activator EBF. This required Ikaros binding to the Igll1 (λ5) promoter and was abolished either by mutation of the Ikaros DNA-binding domain or by deletion of a single Ikaros site from the Igll1 promoter. At the transition from the pre-BI to pre-BII stage, the expression of the Ikaros family member Aiolos was upregulated and required for the efficient silencing of Igll1. Aiolos expression was controlled by pre-BCR signals via the adaptor protein SLP-65. Thus, pre-BCR signaling regulates Aiolos and the silencing of Igll1 via a developmental-stage-specific feedback loop.