科学家的一项最新研究确定了植物免疫响应过程中的一个关键信号——水杨酸甲酯(methyl salicylate),这种类似阿司匹林的物质能够提升植物免疫系统的“警戒等级”。该研究成果有望使科学家改造植物的防御能力,相关论文发表在10月5日的《科学》杂志上。
尽管植物并没有人类的T细胞或者其他免疫功能细胞,但早在100多年前,科学家就知道植物也会通过某种信号途径来引发整个植物体的免疫抵抗。这种作用被称为系统获得抗病性(systemic acquired resistance),植物被入侵部分发出的信号会传播到其他未被感染的部分。
论文高级作者、美国康奈尔大学植物研究所的Daniel F. Klessig表示,利用新的发现,科学家可以通过基因技术改变该信号途径,从而提升植物的自身防御能力,提高作物产量,并减少杀虫剂的使用。
1990年,Klessig的小组报告说,水杨酸和一氧化氮是植物中两种关键的防御信号路径。2003年和2005年,该小组在《美国国家科学院院刊》上发表文章称,一种名为SABP2的蛋白酶是植物系统获得抗病性所必需的,它能够使水杨酸甲酯转化成水杨酸。
在这些研究中,Klessig等人发现,植物受到病原体攻击后,它们在感染部位制造出水杨酸来激活防御机制。其中一些水杨酸会转化成水杨酸甲酯,后者通过SABP2蛋白重新形成水杨酸。此外,研究还表明,在未被感染的植物叶子中,SABP2必须十分活跃,才能导致系统获得抗病性完全形成。与之相比,在被感染的叶子中,SABP2必须通过与水杨酸结合,从而使活性受到抑制。
“正是这种灭活作用产生了水杨酸甲酯”,Klessig说,“它通过导管到达未感染组织,通过SABP2重新形成水杨酸,打开该部位的防御机制。”
尽管这项新的研究意义重大,但科学家仍对一个问题迷惑不解,那就是为何植物要如此麻烦地将水杨酸甲酯传输到未感染的组织,而不直接传输水杨酸。(科学网 任霄鹏/编译)
原始出处:
Science 5 October 2007:
Vol. 318. no. 5847, pp. 113 - 116
DOI: 10.1126/science.1147113
Methyl Salicylate Is a Critical Mobile Signal for Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance
Sang-Wook Park, Evans Kaimoyo, Dhirendra Kumar,* Stephen Mosher, Daniel F. Klessig
In plants, the mobile signal for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an organism-wide state of enhanced defense to subsequent infections, has been elusive. By stimulating immune responses in mosaic tobacco plants created by grafting different genetic backgrounds, we showed that the methyl salicylate (MeSA) esterase activity of salicylic acid–binding protein 2 (SABP2), which converts MeSA into salicylic acid (SA), is required for SAR signal perception in systemic tissue, the tissue that does not receive the primary (initial) infection. Moreover, in plants expressing mutant SABP2 with unregulated MeSA esterase activity in SAR signal–generating, primary infected leaves, SAR was compromised and the associated increase in MeSA levels was suppressed in primary infected leaves, their phloem exudates, and systemic leaves. SAR was also blocked when SA methyl transferase (which converts SA to MeSA) was silenced in primary infected leaves, and MeSA treatment of lower leaves induced SAR in upper untreated leaves. Therefore, we conclude that MeSA is a SAR signal in tobacco.
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
* Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
Present address: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dfk8@cornell.edu