12月29日,据《每日科学》报道,痒病是一种神经退行性疾病,它可以作为其他由蛋白积累致组织畸形(蛋白质病)疾病的模型,如阿尔兹海默氏病和帕金森氏病。有关这些基因的许多问题仍然悬而未决。在一个新的博士论文研究中,发现了数个与阮蛋白(PrPSc,与疾病的发展有关)摄取相关的因子以及朊蛋白是如何与肠道内的免疫细胞相互作用。
羊瘙痒病属于一组被称为"传染性海绵状脑病(TSE)"的疾病,因为它们可以在动物个体之间传播,并导致大脑产生海绵状、退行性改变。这些疾病不仅折磨羊,还折磨牛(牛海绵状脑病,又称疯牛病,BSE)、鹿(鹿慢性消耗性疾病,又称疯鹿病,CWD)以及人类(克雅氏病CJD)。它们在一定程度上也可以在物种见传播,在20世纪90年代,超过200人经由食物感染而患上了克雅氏病。
传染性海绵状脑病(TSE),或者称阮病毒疾病,被认为是感染了一种能致病的蛋白质变体--朊蛋白,它是机体细胞的正常组成部分,在脑中含量最为丰富。一般而言,阮病毒疾病可能是传染的、遗传的或偶发/自发的。当正常的朊蛋白突变成致病的变种,疾病便发生了,变种朊蛋白在空间结构上与健康的朊蛋白不同。由于变种的朊蛋白具有不同的空间结构,机体细胞很难降解它,因此它就一直在积累。
因为朊蛋白(PrPSc)是在疾病早期在肠道系统的淋巴组织中被发现,推测它是经由肠胃道传染。在兽医学家Caroline Piercey Akesson博士研究期间,研究了朊蛋白在肠道内的吸收,从而对疾病发展的早期阶段所发生的过程有了新的了解。与早先的推测相反,她通过免疫电镜证明阮蛋白不是直接从肠道转运到肠道相关的的淋巴组织。相反,她发现朊蛋白自由地穿过或穿进肠道淋巴组织之外的淋巴细胞。
树突状细胞据推测发挥着"看门人"的作用,它决定机体能容忍什么以及当面对外来物时该策划哪一种免疫防御反应。Akeeson的目标之一就是树突细胞与朊蛋白摄取之间的相互作用。首先,需要了解正常的羊肠道内树突状细胞的特点;其次,去调查哪一类型的细胞与阮病毒的摄取有关。
她的研究结果表明,不是树突状细胞,而是巨噬细胞负责朊蛋白的摄取。Akesson的研究揭示,朊蛋白利用了肠道中大分子物质摄取的正常生理通道,这可能对机体的免疫监视系统有显著影响。一个可能的后果就是免疫耐受被激活,从而阻碍了肠道对所吸收的朊蛋白的正常免疫反应。
今后的研究能够揭示免疫细胞是如何运输朊蛋白及机体是如何处理朊蛋白,这将具有非常重要的意义,不仅是为了提供更多的关于痒病的知识,还为研究人类和其他动物中神经退行性蛋白质病提供重要见解。
Caroline Piercey Akesson于12月20日在挪威兽医科学系进行了博士论文答辩,论文的题目是:研究阮病毒的摄取及其与羊肠道中免疫细胞的早期相互作用。(生物谷bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022180
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Exosome-producing follicle associated epithelium is not involved in uptake of PrPd from the gut of sheep (Ovis aries): an ultrastructural study.
Akesson CP, McGovern G, Dagleish MP, Espenes A, McL Press C, Landsverk T, Jeffrey M.
Abstract In natural or experimental oral scrapie infection of sheep, disease associated prion protein (PrP(d)) often first accumulates in Peyer's patch (PP) follicles. The route by which infectivity reaches the follicles is unknown, however, intestinal epithelial cells may participate in intestinal antigenic presentation by delivering exosomes as vehicles of luminal antigens. In a previous study using an intestinal loop model, following inoculation of scrapie brain homogenate, inoculum associated PrP(d) was detected by light microscopy shortly (15 minutes to 3.5 hours) after inoculation in the villous lacteals and sub-mucosal lymphatics. No PrP(d) was located within the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), sub-FAE domes or the PP follicles. To evaluate this gut loop model and the transportation routes in more detail, we used electron microscopy (EM) to study intestinal tissues exposed to scrapie or control homogenates for 15 minutes to 10 days. In addition, immuno-EM was used to investigate whether exosomes produced in the FAE may possess small amounts of PrP(d) that were not detectable by light microscopy. This study showed that the integrity of the intestinal epithelium was sustained in the intestinal loop model. Despite prominent transcytotic activity and exosome release from the FAE of the ileal PP in sheep, these structures were not associated with transportation of PrP(d) across the mucosa. The study did not determine how infectivity reaches the follicles of PPs. The possibility that the infectious agent is transported across the FAE remains a possibility if it occurs in a form that is undetectable by the methods used in this study. Infectivity may also be transported via lymph to the blood and further to all other lymphoid tissues including the PP follicles, but the early presence of PrP(d) in the PP follicles during scrapie infection argues against such a mechanism.