今年2月,一份发表于PNAS上的研究报告引起了社会广泛关注,研究人员从危地马拉3只果蝠体内检测出一种新型甲型流感病毒,从分类上看,该流感病毒完全不同于以往存在的流感病毒,属于一个新的亚型,研究人员把它定为H17N10亚型。大家关心的问题是这种新型流感病毒会不会感染人,会不会在人群中传播并引发流感的暴发?种种疑虑和不安一时间笼罩在公众心头。高福课题组长期以来致力于流感病毒囊膜蛋白结构与病毒跨种间传播机制的研究。在第一时间内表达和纯化了该新型流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA),对其结构和功能进行了详细的研究。
流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)是流感病毒表面最重要的糖蛋白之一,流感病毒通过血凝素蛋白(HA)与宿主细胞表面受体唾液酸结合侵入宿主细胞,然而,在病毒粒子释放时,HA与唾液酸的结合又成了病毒释放和迁移的障碍。NA在病毒侵染末期通过催化细胞表面糖蛋白分子上唾液酸从糖链上解离促进新生病毒颗粒的释放,帮助病毒粒子迁移,所以NA的活性与病毒的感染、传播与致病密切相关。
之前已发现的流感病毒NA有9个血清型(N1-N9),新发现的流感病毒NA属于第十个血清型(N10)。课题组研究人员利用昆虫细胞表达纯化的N10,检测了可溶性N10蛋白的神经氨酸酶活性,出乎预料的发现是N10没有传统NA所具有的神经氨酸酶活性,也就是说它不具备切割唾液酸的功能。从结构上看,N10与传统的NA相似,4个单体形成一个四聚体结构,在每个分子的表面都有一个类似于酶催化中心的区域。但是,进一步分析发现相比较其它NA,N10酶活性中心与酶活性相关的保守氨基酸有很多改变,致使酶活性中心构象发生了巨大变化,不利于底物唾液酸的结合。
这些发现暗示,新型蝙蝠流感病毒可能与以往的流感病毒有不同的侵染和释放机制,具有较严格的宿主特异性,在短时间内不会造成人际间传播。这为流感防控政策的制定提供了理论依据,同时,也为流感病毒的溯源、进化研究提供了新的思路。该项研究成果近期发表在PNAS杂志上。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1211037109
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Structural and functional characterization of neuraminidase-like molecule N10 derived from bat influenza A virus
Li Q, Sun X, Li Z, Liu Y, Vavricka CJ, Qi J, Gao GF.
The recent discovery of the unique genome of influenza virus H17N10 in bats raises considerable doubt about the origin and evolution of influenza A viruses. It also identifies a neuraminidase (NA)-like protein, N10, that is highly divergent from the nine other well-established serotypes of influenza A NA (N1-N9). The structural elucidation and functional characterization of influenza NAs have illustrated the complexity of NA structures, thus raising a key question as to whether N10 has a special structure and function. Here the crystal structure of N10, derived from influenza virus A/little yellow-shouldered bat/Guatemala/153/2009 (H17N10), was solved at a resolution of 2.20 ?. Overall, the structure of N10 was found to be similar to that of the other known influenza NA structures. In vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated that N10 lacks canonical NA activity. A detailed structural analysis revealed dramatic alterations of the conserved active site residues that are unfavorable for the binding and cleavage of terminally linked sialic acid receptors. Furthermore, an unusual 150-loop (residues 147-152) was observed to participate in the intermolecular polar interactions between adjacent N10 molecules of the N10 tetramer. Our study of influenza N10 provides insight into the structure and function of the sialidase superfamily and sheds light on the molecular mechanism of bat influenza virus infection.