IFIT蛋白是人类免疫系统中保卫机体的步兵,负责检测病毒并抵御感染。现在,McGill大学和奥地利科学院分子医学研究中心的研究人员揭示了IFIT蛋白作用的分子机制,它们不仅识别外源病毒RNA,还揪住病毒基因组阻止其复制,从而阻断感染。这项研究有望帮助人们开发新药物来对抗多种免疫系统疾病。
这项研究由Bhushan Nagar教授和Dr. Giulio Superti-Furga共同领导。2011年,研究人员意外发现IFIT蛋白能直接与病毒RNA相互作用,阻断其复制。在此基础上,这项新研究进一步揭示了IFIT区分病毒RNA与自身正常分子的机制,展示了该蛋白只捕获病毒RNA的能力。这项研究于一月十三日发表在Nature杂志上。
“免疫系统中的守卫蛋白一直在搜寻病原体的外源分子,以此来检测病毒和细菌等病原体的感染,” Nagar教授解释道,“一旦检测到了病原体,宿主细胞就会启动快速应答,生成一系列防御分子来阻断和清除感染。IFIT蛋白就是这些防御分子中的关键成员。”
当病毒进入细胞时,会生成末端暴露出三个磷酸基团的RNA,以便自我复制。而这就是病毒RNA与其宿主人类RNA的区别。这时,先天免疫系统的受体往往能够检测到来自病毒的外源分子,并在感染细胞及附近未感染细胞中启动信号级联打开抗病毒程序。这种抗菌程序会生成几百种不同的蛋白,联手对抗病毒感染。
Nagar实验室的研究生Yazan Abbas利用X射线晶体衍射等生物物理学技术,直接捕捉到了IFIT识别外源RNA的过程,展现了IFIT与RNA间的相互作用。研究人员发现,IFIT蛋白有一个特殊的结合区域,只能与病毒RNA的末端相匹配。人类RNA无法与这一区域发生紧密的相互作用,也就避免了危险的自身免疫反应。
“一旦IFIT蛋白抓住了病毒RNA,病毒就无法对其进行复制,” Superti-Furga说,“流感病毒和狂犬病毒等许多病毒都依赖三磷酸末端的RNA进行复制,因此这一研究对于细胞抵御病毒的机制具有广泛的启示。”
这项研究还将有助于开发新药物来治疗多种免疫系统疾病。“我们的发现对于开发新药物靶标IFIT蛋白很有用,特别是在需要抑制免疫应答的时候,例如对炎症或癌症进行治疗,” Nagar说。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature11783
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Structural basis for viral 5′-PPP-RNA recognition by human IFIT proteins
Yazan M. Abbas, Andreas Pichlmair, Maria W. Górna, Giulio Superti-Furga & Bhushan Nagar
Interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are innate immune effector molecules that are thought to confer antiviral defence through disruption of protein–protein interactions in the host translation-initiation machinery. However, it was recently discovered that IFITs can directly recognize viral RNA bearing a 5′-triphosphate group (PPP-RNA), which is a molecular signature that distinguishes it from host RNA. Here we report crystal structures of human IFIT5, its complex with PPP-RNAs, and an amino-terminal fragment of IFIT1. The structures reveal a new helical domain that houses a positively charged cavity designed to specifically engage only single-stranded PPP-RNA, thus distinguishing it from the canonical cytosolic sensor of double-stranded viral PPP-RNA, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I, also known as DDX58). Mutational analysis, proteolysis and gel-shift assays reveal that PPP-RNA is bound in a non-sequence-specific manner and requires a 5′-overhang of approximately three nucleotides. Abrogation of PPP-RNA binding in IFIT1 and IFIT5 was found to cause a defect in the antiviral response by human embryonic kidney cells. These results demonstrate the mechanism by which IFIT proteins selectively recognize viral RNA, and lend insight into their downstream effector function.