疟疾是一种威胁生命的疾病,世界卫生组织在2010年估计每天这种疾病会造成2000人死亡,且长期以来一直缺乏高效的疫苗,但现在,研究人员正在这一领域取得进展。尽管他们制造的疫苗仅能通过静脉给予(而不是更为常见的通过肌肉内、皮内或鼻腔内通路给予),但它的确为广泛适用的疟疾预防铺平了道路。有很大数目的疟疾病例是由恶性疟原虫(Pf)引起的,这是通过蚊虫叮咬而传播给人的寄生虫。到目前为止,唯一持久的可免于这种疾病的保护就是让携带Pf子孢子——这是在按蚊唾液腺中发育的细胞——的蚊子来叮咬人类受试者并以此来提高人的免疫力。研究人员已经了解这个过程的功效达40年的时间,但他们无法推进这种技术以超越通过蚊子叮咬来加强免疫,因为他们无法制备足够弱但仍然是活体的、具有代谢活性的、且又符合监管标准的子孢子来作为可注射的疫苗。如今,Robert A. Seder及其同事报告了来自某第一阶段临床试验的结果,在这些结果中他们实现了这一壮举。这个试验包括了50多名成年人。这些受试者在为期一年的过程中通过静脉注射一种由完整Pf子孢子制备的疫苗来获得免疫。一些受试者接受了4个剂量的完整子孢子疫苗;另外一些受试者则接受了5个剂量的这种疫苗。在前一组人中只有三分之一的人出现了疟疾,而在后一组人中没有一人出现疟疾。给予的疫苗剂量数越多,研究人员观察到受试者血液中的子孢子特异性抗体也越多。T细胞——这是人类免疫系统中有价值的参与者——也会以一种剂量依赖性的方式对该疫苗的活性减弱的子孢子做出反应。更为重要的是,该疫苗在受试者中得到了良好的耐受。Seder等人所取得的免疫保护水平在过去只能通过蚊虫叮咬所给予的完整Pf子孢子的免疫接种而获得。未来需要进行研究以确认来自这种疫苗的保护可持续多久,以及它在对抗其它恶性疟原虫株时有多大的效果。最后,一种通过静脉注射给予的疫苗是否能广泛地提供给最有需要的人群还有待观察。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐的英文摘要
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1241800
Protection Against Malaria by Intravenous Immunization with a Nonreplicating Sporozoite Vaccine
Robert A. Seder1,*,†, Lee-Jah Chang1,*, Mary E. Enama1, Kathryn L. Zephir1, Uzma N. Sarwar1, Ingelise J. Gordon1, LaSonji A. Holman1, Eric R. James2, Peter F. Billingsley2, Anusha Gunasekera2, Adam Richman2, Sumana Chakravarty2, Anita Manoj2, Soundarapandian Velmurugan2, MingLin Li3, Adam J. Ruben2, Tao Li2, Abraham G. Eappen2, Richard E. Stafford2,3, Sarah H. Plummer1, Cynthia S. Hendel1, Laura Novik1, Pamela J.M. Costner1, Floreliz H. Mendoza1, Jamie G. Saunders1, Martha C. Nason4, Jason H. Richardson5, Jittawadee Murphy5, Silas A. Davidson5, Thomas L. Richie6, Martha Sedegah6, Awalludin Sutamihardja6, Gary A. Fahle7, Kirsten E. Lyke8, Matthew B. Laurens8,9, Mario Roederer1, Kavita Tewari1, Judith E. Epstein6, B. Kim Lee Sim2,3, Julie E. Ledgerwood1, Barney S. Graham1,‡, Stephen L. Hoffman2,3,‡, the VRC 312 Study Team
Consistent high-level, vaccine-induced protection against human malaria has only been achieved by inoculation of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) by mosquito bites. We report that the PfSPZ vaccine, composed of attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ, was safe and well-tolerated when administered 4 to 6 times intravenously (IV) to 40 adults. 0/6 subjects receiving 5 doses, 3/9 subjects receiving 4 doses of 1.35 x 105 PfSPZ vaccine, and 5/6 nonvaccinated controls developed malaria following controlled human malaria infection (P = 0.015 in the 5-dose group and P = 0.028 for overall, both versus controls). PfSPZ-specific antibody and T cell responses were dose-dependent. These data indicate that there is a dose-dependent immunological threshold for establishing high-level protection against malaria that can be achieved by IV administration of a vaccine that is safe and meets regulatory standards.