科学家对大脑中一种叫朊病毒的正常蛋白可以变得有害并导致人类克雅病和牛绵状脑病(疯牛病)的认识已经20多年了,但至今仍然不能解释,我们人体中早先为什么会产生大量的这种蛋白。德国康斯坦茨大学研究人员最近发现,朊病毒蛋白实际起了一个对生物体有益的作用,它能在胚胎发育期间帮助细胞之间进行交流。
发生朊病毒疾病的原因是它的化学结构发生了改变,使正常的朊病毒蛋白转变为对生命有威胁的物质。此外,朊病毒还具有将异常结构传给健康朊病毒蛋白的复制能力,因此会产生新的致病体。尽管这种变化过程可以解释朊病毒是如何播散的,但朊病毒蛋白的异常功能是神经退行性疾病发生的根源。多年来,对朊病毒正常功能的认识一直是个不解之谜。到目前为止,所有对遗传改良小鼠的研究都没有提供确切的证据,因为这些小鼠缺乏完全健康的朊病毒蛋白。
康斯坦茨大学最近证明,缺乏朊病毒蛋白可明显造成动物生理上的异常,而他们用的试验模型是微小的斑马鱼。当研究人员给斑马鱼胚胎注射少量抑制朊病毒蛋白产生的、类似DNA分子样的物质吗啉代后,这些斑马鱼的胚胎就不能正常发育,最终导致了死亡。正常见于斑马鱼胚胎中细胞与细胞结合部位的朊病毒蛋白消失,致使这些细胞不能进行交流和进行正常的、形成身体主要结构的分化程序,包括神经系统。
“我们证明,朊病毒蛋白是一种胶合元素,它将细胞聚合在一起并使它们保持联络。”研究人员说。“当两个相邻细胞进行联络时,它们就能交换影响身体组织功能的重要信号。”
尽管这项研究没有提供治疗克-雅病和牛绵状脑病的方法,但揭开了部分复杂难题,拓宽了我们对朊病毒疾病的认识,也为有效治疗这类疾病带来了希望。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
PLoS Biol 7(3): e1000055 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000055
Regulation of Embryonic Cell Adhesion by the Prion Protein
Edward Málaga-Trillo*, Gonzalo P. Solis, Yvonne Schrock, Corinna Geiss, Lydia Luncz, Venus Thomanetz, Claudia A. O. Stuermer
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
Prion proteins (PrPs) are key players in fatal neurodegenerative disorders, yet their physiological functions remain unclear, as PrP knockout mice develop rather normally. We report a strong PrP loss-of-function phenotype in zebrafish embryos, characterized by the loss of embryonic cell adhesion and arrested gastrulation. Zebrafish and mouse PrP mRNAs can partially rescue this knockdown phenotype, indicating conserved PrP functions. Using zebrafish, mouse, and Drosophila cells, we show that PrP: (1) mediates Ca+2-independent homophilic cell adhesion and signaling; and (2) modulates Ca+2-dependent cell adhesion by regulating the delivery of E-cadherin to the plasma membrane. In vivo time-lapse analyses reveal that the arrested gastrulation in PrP knockdown embryos is due to deficient morphogenetic cell movements, which rely on E-cadherin–based adhesion. Cell-transplantation experiments indicate that the regulation of embryonic cell adhesion by PrP is cell-autonomous. Moreover, we find that the local accumulation of PrP at cell contact sites is concomitant with the activation of Src-related kinases, the recruitment of reggie/flotillin microdomains, and the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, consistent with a role of PrP in the modulation of cell adhesion via signaling. Altogether, our data uncover evolutionarily conserved roles of PrP in cell communication, which ultimately impinge on the stability of adherens cell junctions during embryonic development.