在海洋微生物的舞台上,有这么一群生活在“遗失之城”和海底火山口附近的微生物,它们数量稀少,充当着“候补演员”的角色,并且时刻准备着代替那些“主角”微生物,跃升为“海洋微生物之星”。
据华盛顿大学发表的研究报告来看,上述现象正出现在中大西洋“遗失之城”和深海火山喷口区域。该区域是至今为止在中大西洋发现的唯一一处火山喷口区。这些较活跃的微生物位于一个火山口附近。该火山口已有1000多年历史,由于其喷液逐渐缓和并冷却,改变了周围的生态系统。
华盛顿大学博士后威廉姆·布拉泽尔顿(William Brazelton)表示,这些生物的发现首次证明微生物能够很长的一段时间都保持着较少的数量,然而一旦生态系统发生变化,它们就能从数量上完全扭转形势占据优势地位。这种说法看起来具有逻辑性,然而至今为止,科学家们却还是不能探测到族群数量如此稀少的微生物。
此外,科学家们还发现,这些生活在海底火山口附近的微生物的种类超乎人们的想象。使用最新的DNA测序技术,结果显示海洋中存在的微生物种类可能比此前预测的数目多过十至一百倍。特别是位于“遗失之城”的海域,这些微生物的种类甚至都无法鉴别出来,有些微生物的种类此前根本没有发现过,即使发现了的新物种,种群数量也是少的惊人。
2000年,美国国家科学基金会(National Science Foundation)的海洋生物教授黛博拉·凯乐(Deborah Kelley)与她的同事们发现了“遗失之城”。他们乘坐亚特兰蒂斯号船进行探索,这也是此区域名为“遗失之城”的原因之一。不同形式的热温泉从含有丰富的金属,温度高达700华氏度(约371.11摄氏度)的黑色烟囱喷口处涌出。“遗失之城”喷出的海水温达200华氏度(约93.33摄氏度)或低于,与石灰岩洞穴同样材料的纯碳酸盐附近是喷口区以及其他结构。喷口处的海水具有高碱性并且含有丰富的甲烷和氢气,是“遗失之城”中微生物生存的重要能源。
科学家们在“遗失之城”进行了大量的季节性的短期研究。布拉泽尔顿及其同事通过分析发现,在“遗失之城”30000年的生命历程中,微生物的主宰过程在循环发生。因此,出现的适应了生存环境的微生物们仍在等待更适合它们的生态系统。“遗失之城”的罕见生物圈是微生物经历了长期的环境变化的储存库。随着稀有生物的出现,之所以它们能够快速的发展新的利基,是因为他们提前选择了与过去相同的条件来生存。
科学家表示,从过去几千年在“遗失之城”的生态环境多次转变来看,这些稀有生物体与占据主要地位的生物体有着密切相关的联系,它们是实实在在的生物,能历经微妙的变化繁衍后代。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
PNAS January 11, 2010, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905369107
Archaea and bacteria with surprising microdiversity show shifts in dominance over 1,000-year time scales in hydrothermal chimneys
William J. Brazeltona,1, Kristin A. Ludwiga,2, Mitchell L. Soginb, Ekaterina N. Andreishchevab, Deborah S. Kelleya, Chuan-Chou Shenc, R. Lawrence Edwardsd and John A. Barossa
aSchool of Oceanography and Center for Astrobiology and Early Evolution, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
bJosephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Woods Hole, MA 02543;
cDepartment of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan ; and
dDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
The Lost City Hydrothermal Field, an ultramafic-hosted system located 15 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has experienced at least 30,000 years of hydrothermal activity. Previous studies have shown that its carbonate chimneys form by mixing of ~90 °C, pH 9–11 hydrothermal fluids and cold seawater. Flow of methane and hydrogen-rich hydrothermal fluids in the porous interior chimney walls supports archaeal biofilm communities dominated by a single phylotype of Methanosarcinales. In this study, we have extensively sampled the carbonate-hosted archaeal and bacterial communities by obtaining sequences of >200,000 amplicons of the 16S rRNA V6 region and correlated the results with isotopic (230Th) ages of the chimneys over a 1,200-year period. Rare sequences in young chimneys were commonly more abundant in older chimneys, indicating that members of the rare biosphere can become dominant members of the ecosystem when environmental conditions change. These results suggest that a long history of selection over many cycles of chimney growth has resulted in numerous closely related species at Lost City, each of which is preadapted to a particular set of reoccurring environmental conditions. Because of the unique characteristics of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, these data offer an unprecedented opportunity to study the dynamics of a microbial ecosystem’s rare biosphere over a thousand-year time scale.