据美国物理学家组织网报道,美国国防部高级研究计划局(DARPA)几年前邀请研究人员研制不需要电的秘密信息编码方式,最近,美国塔夫茨大学的科学家们开发出了一种有生命的密码:利用细菌菌株来传递机密信息。除了用于谍报活动外,这项技术还可以让企业给农作物或其他有生命的物体进行身份编码,以防假冒。该研究的领导者曼纽尔·帕拉西奥斯和戴维·华特将研究发表在最新一期的美国《国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。
科学家们表示,这个名为微生物印刷阵列密写(SPAM)的过程非常简单:首先培育出7种不同的大肠杆菌菌株,让其在不同颜色的紫外线下生长;接着用不同的颜色配对代表不同字母和字符的方式,设计出了一个简单的编码方案,7种颜色有49种组合,可用来给26个字母和23个符号编码;随后再将细菌铺展到琼脂(用作细菌食物的一种凝胶状物质)平板上,细菌在此会长成不同的颜色,以代表不同的字母和符号;接下来,将看起来像纸一样的硝化纤维素物质按压在该琼脂平板上,使细菌压印进硝化纤维物内,待硝化纤维物质变干后,着色属性会消失,便将其装入信封中。过一段时间之后,再将该硝化纤维物按压在另一块琼脂板上,细菌会重新长出其颜色,以此显示出被编码的信息。
研究人员称,尽管这一过程非常简单,但迄今没有人想到。相比较而言,将信息整合入DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)中等其他编码方式,更复杂且更昂贵。
当然,最新方法也有不足之处,那就是,如果拦截该信息的人知道这是使用细菌编码的信息,那么要想解码信息并非难事。为此,科学家们朝这些细菌的耐抗生素基因中添加了荧光,如此一来,只有在一定条件下(比如引入氨必西林)才能看到信息。因此,潜在的信息拦截者不仅需要知道发送信息的人使用了何种编码方式,同时也必须知道使用了何种抗体,二者缺一不可,才能正确地解码信息。信息制造者甚至能用错误的抗体为信息拦截者编写错误的信息以混淆视听。
研究人员也表示,为了增加保密性,可将其他因素整合入编码过程中,诸如设置细菌在特定时间生长或者在特定时间死亡,以使信息无法持续很长时间等。除了用于谍报活动外,最新技术还可以让企业给农作物或其他有生命的物品打上水印,以防假冒。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1109554108
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InfoBiology by printed arrays of microorganism colonies for timed and on-demand release of messages
Palacios, Manuel A.; Benito-Pe?a, Elena; Manesse, Mael; Mazzeo, Aaron D.; LaFratta, Christopher N.; Whitesides, George M.; Walt, David R.
This paper presents a proof-of-principle method, called InfoBiology, to write and encode data using arrays of genetically engineered strains of Escherichia coli with fluorescent proteins (FPs) as phenotypic markers. In InfoBiology, we encode, send, and release information using living organisms as carriers of data. Genetically engineered systems offer exquisite control of both genotype and phenotype. Living systems also offer the possibility for timed release of information as phenotypic features can take hours or days to develop. We use growth media and chemically induced gene expression as cipher keys or “biociphers” to develop encoded messages. The messages, called Steganography by Printed Arrays of Microbes (SPAM), consist of a matrix of spots generated by seven strains of E. coli, with each strain expressing a different FP. The coding scheme for these arrays relies on strings of paired, septenary digits, where each pair represents an alphanumeric character. In addition, the photophysical properties of the FPs offer another method for ciphering messages. Unique combinations of excited and emitted wavelengths generate distinct fluorescent patterns from the Steganography by Printed Arrays of Microbes (SPAM). This paper shows a new form of steganography based on information from engineered living systems. The combination of bio- and “photociphers” along with controlled timed-release exemplify the capabilities of InfoBiology, which could enable biometrics, communication through compromised channels, easy-to-read barcoding of biological products, or provide a deterrent to counterfeiting.