近日,国际杂志《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)在线刊登了国外一则研究成果“Risk of Intussusception Following Administration of a Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine in US Infants,”这项研究披露,尽管有些资料提示,在婴儿中给予五价轮状病毒疫苗可能会使肠套叠(小肠或大肠的一部分像望远镜一样向前滑入到其自身之中)的风险增加,但一项对超过了75万次该疫苗的接种分析没有发现在疫苗接种后发生这种情况的风险会增加。
根据文章的背景资料:“在1999年,因为接种恒河猴四价轮状病毒疫苗(RRV, Rotashield)后发生肠套叠的风险明显增加而该疫苗被撤出美国的市场。自那以后,2种预防轮状病毒感染的疫苗获得了在美国使用的许可:2006年推出的一种五价的轮状病毒疫苗(RV5, RotaTeq)及2008年推出的一种单价的轮状病毒疫苗(RV1, Rotarix) 。”由于先前存在的RRV与肠套叠之间的关联,人们开展了大规模的许可证发放前的试验,但他们没有观察到肠套叠风险的增加。“然而2则最近的国际性许可证发放后的评估 (在澳大利亚、墨西哥和巴西进行)发现,在给予第一次轮状病毒疫苗接种后的第一个星期中,发生肠套叠的风险会增加。”
波士顿哈佛公共卫生学院的Irene M. Shui, Sc.D.及其同事对与轮状病毒疫苗有关的肠套叠风险进行了重新检查,并以给予第一次接种后1-7天的风险之窗作为特别的关注焦点。该研究包括年龄在4至34个星期的婴儿,他们被纳入到疫苗安全性数据链接(VSD)的研究之中,并在2006年5月至2010年2月间接受了RV5的接种。在研究人员所进行的分析中包括,比较那些接受了RV5接种的婴儿与那些在同一时期中接受了其它没有RV5的建议疫苗的婴儿的肠套叠发生率。文章的作者还纳入了根据美国发放RV5许可证之前所估算的肠套叠基础发生率而得到的预计的肠套叠就诊数资料。
从2006年5月至2010年2月,共接种了78万6725剂RV5。在这些接种中,有39%(30万9844次接种)为第一次接种,33%为第二次接种,28%为第三次接种。比较群组包括了38万9026次就诊。研究人员发现,在经过年龄校正之后,在所有剂量的结合或剂量特异性的分析中,在1-30天的时间窗中或在1-7天的时间窗中都没有出现具有统计学意义的肠套叠风险的明显增加。在所有RV5接种之后的1-30天的时间窗中出现了21例的肠套叠,而预计的肠套叠病例为20.9例;在第一次接种之后,出现了7例肠套叠,而预计的肠套叠病例为5.7例。在所有RV5接种之后的1-7天的时间窗中出现了4例肠套叠,而预计病例为4.3例;对第一次接种而言,出现了1例肠套叠,而预计病例为0.8例。
文章的作者得出结论:“在这一大型的对几乎80万次RV5疫苗的接种——其中超过30万次为第一次接种的前瞻性许可证发放后安全性监测研究中,我们没有观察到RV5接种后有任何的肠套叠风险的增加。轮状病毒疫苗的采用对美国婴儿中的严重轮状病毒疾病具有相当大的公共卫生方面的效应。尽管我们无法完全排除非常低水平的肠套叠风险的可能性,但我们的研究发现强化了赞同用疫苗来有效控制严重的孩童轮状病毒疾病的证据基础。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1001/jama.2012.97
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Risk of Intussusception Following Administration of a Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine in US Infants
Shui, Irene M.; Baggs, James; Patel, Manish; Parashar, Umesh D.; Rett, Melisa; Belongia, Edward A.; Hambidge, Simon J.; Glanz, Jason M.; Klein, Nicola P.; Weintraub, Eric
Context Current rotavirus vaccines were not associated with intussusception in large prelicensure trials. However, recent postlicensuredata from international settings suggest the possibility of a low-level elevated risk, primarily in the first week after thefirst vaccine dose.Objective To examine the risk of intussusception following pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) in US infants.Design, Setting, and Patients This cohort study included infants 4 to 34 weeks of age, enrolled in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) who received RV5 fromMay 2006-February 2010. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), relative risks (RRs), and 95% confidence intervalsfor the association between intussusception and RV5 by comparing the rates of intussusception in infants who had receivedRV5 with the rates of intussusception in infants who received other recommended vaccines without concomitant RV5 during theconcurrent period and with the expected number of intussusception visits based on background rates assessed prior to US licensureof the RV5 (2001-2005).Main Outcome Measure Intussusception occurring in the 1- to 7-day and 1- to 30-day risk windows following RV5 vaccination.Results During the study period, 786 725 total RV5 doses, which included 309 844 first doses, were administered. We did not observea statistically significant increased risk of intussusception with RV5 for either comparison group following any dose in eitherthe 1- to 7-day or 1- to 30-day risk window. For the 1- to 30-day window following all RV5 doses, we observed 21 cases ofintussusception compared with 20.9 expected cases (SIR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.62-1.54); following dose 1, we observed 7 cases comparedwith 5.7 expected cases (SIR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.5-2.54). For the 1- to 7-day window following all RV5 doses, we observed 4 casescompared with 4.3 expected cases (SIR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.25-2.36); for dose 1, we observed 1 case compared with 0.8 expectedcase (SIR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.03-6.75). The upper 95% CI limit of the SIR (6.75) from the historical comparison translates toan upper limit for the attributable risk of 1 intussusception case per 65 287 RV5 dose-1 recipients.Conclusion Among US infants aged 4 to 34 weeks who received RV5, the risk of intussusception was not increased compared with infantswho did not receive the rotavirus vaccine.