意大利帕多瓦大学(University of Padua)医学院医学生物工程和组织微生物学系,生物学系,药物科学系,美国亚利桑那大学生命科学院的科学家在最新一期的Cell杂志发表TGF-β信号研究论文,并被选为封面文章。
研究小组带头人、意大利帕多瓦大学Stefano Piccolo教授致力于研究TGF-β转导的多重信号。TGF-β被Piccolo称为“化身博士”(英国著名作家史帝文生作品,讲述受人尊敬的科学家杰克医生喝了一种试验用的药剂,在晚上化身成邪恶的海德先生四处作恶,他终日徘徊在善恶之间,其内心属灵的内疚和犯罪的快感不断冲突,令他饱受折磨)。尽管这种蛋白会助长癌细胞“恶行”,但正常功能是抑制细胞增殖,如同一个分子闸。
在本期的Cell杂志中,Piccolo研究小组解析了一个脱泛素酶FAM/USP9x对TGFβ信号的调控作用,该脱泛素酶的功能是通过控制Smad4单泛素化的作用来实现的。
Smad复合物在TGF-β的信号传导过程中具有重要的作用,但是目前为止少有科学家揭开了Smad对TGF-β作用的机制之谜。Piccolo研究小组使用siRNA技术鉴定了FAM(USP9x)是一个脱泛素化酶,该酶在TGF-β与骨形成蛋白信号过程中的功能有高度的保守性。在细胞内Smad4是一个对赖氨酸519具单泛素化作用的蛋白,而脱泛素化酶可以通过结构修饰作用来抑制磷酸基与Smad4的结合。而FAM可逆转这个过程,使得Smad4重新发挥功效。与FAM具有相反作用的是Ecto(Ectodermin/Tif1γ),Ecto是一个核因子,先前的研究证实Ecto是Smad4的单泛素化连接酶。
Piccolo的研究结果证实,Smad4单泛素化作用和脱泛素化作用是调节细胞对TGF-β应答的两种作用途径,失去FAM使得Smad4失去正常的功效,而Ecto是FAM的上游调控因子。这些结果表明,Smads泛素化与R-Smad磷酸化是两个平行的过程。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Cell, Volume 136, Issue 1, 123-135, 9 January 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.051
FAM/USP9x, a Deubiquitinating Enzyme Essential for TGFβ Signaling, Controls Smad4 Monoubiquitination
Sirio Dupont1,Anant Mamidi1,Michelangelo Cordenonsi1,Marco Montagner1,Luca Zacchigna1,Maddalena Adorno1,Graziano Martello1,Michael J. Stinchfield2,Sandra Soligo1,Leonardo Morsut1,Masafumi Inui1,Stefano Moro4,Nicola Modena3,Francesco Argenton3,Stuart J. Newfeld2andStefano Piccolo1,,
1 Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
2 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
3 Department of Biology, University of Padua, via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
4 Molecular Modeling Section, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
Summary
The assembly of the Smad complex is critical for TGFβ signaling, yet the mechanisms that inactivate or empower nuclear Smad complexes are less understood. By means of siRNA screen we identified FAM (USP9x), a deubiquitinase acting as essential and evolutionarily conserved component in TGFβ and bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Smad4 is monoubiquitinated in lysine 519 invivo, a modification that inhibits Smad4 by impeding association with phospho-Smad2. FAM reverts this negative modification, re-empowering Smad4 function. FAM opposes the activity of Ectodermin/Tif1 (Ecto), a nuclear factor for which we now clarify a prominent role as Smad4 monoubiquitin ligase. Our study points to Smad4 monoubiquitination and deubiquitination as a way for cells to set their TGFβ responsiveness: loss of FAM disables Smad4-dependent responses in several model systems, with Ecto being epistatic to FAM. This defines a regulative ubiquitination step controlling Smads that is parallel to those impinging on R-Smad phosphorylation.