美国威斯康星州大学科学家在《发育》杂志上撰文说,他们已经成功从人类胚胎干细胞中培育出了能产生髓磷脂的细胞,这一发现为基础研究和临床研究开辟了新的前景。
研究人员培育出的这种细胞叫少突胶质细胞,它负责在中枢神经系统中产生髓磷脂。髓磷脂在神经纤维周围形成绝缘层保护神经,并加快神经冲动的传递。髓磷脂丧失或受到损坏会产生像多发性硬化这样的严重后果,因为没有髓磷脂神经就会失去相互之间传递神经冲动的能力,其功能就得不到正常发挥。
与人类干细胞不同,利用小鼠的胚胎干细胞形成少突胶质细胞相对容易一些,研究人员经常将小鼠的胚胎干细胞暴露于一种叫Sonic Hedgehog的蛋白里使其在胚胎的脊髓中产生少突胶质细胞。研究人员张苏春博士和同事证明,利用人类胚胎干细胞和这种蛋白也可以产生少突胶质细胞,只是时间相对长一些,大约需要14周时间,而小鼠只需2周时间。此外,两者之间还有另外一种不同:促使小鼠胚胎干细胞发育成少突胶质细胞的生长因子Fgf2实际上会延缓人类胚胎干细胞成为少突胶质细胞的速度。
张博士说,这一发现十分意外,细胞对同一种因子的反应会有差别,这也许可以解释为什么过去十年里许多有关人类神经干细胞培育少突胶质细胞的研究不能成功的原因。
张博士认为这一发现也具有临床价值。我们现在已经可以产生相对丰富的、用来修复髓鞘的少突胶质细胞的前体细胞。通过这一研究发现也让我们认识到,在用动物研究人类生物学方面是有差别的。在这一点上,产生自人类胚胎干细胞或多能干细胞的人类少突胶质细胞为将来药物筛选提供了有用的工具。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Development 136, 1443-1452 (2009) doi: 10.1242/10.1242/dev.029447
Human oligodendrocytes from embryonic stem cells: conserved SHH signaling networks and divergent FGF effects
Bao-Yang Hu*, Zhong-Wei Du*, Xue-Jun Li, Melvin Ayala and Su-Chun Zhang
Departments of Anatomy and Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer a platform to bridge what we have learned from animal studies to human biology. Using oligodendrocyte differentiation as a model system, we show that sonic hedgehog (SHH)-dependent sequential activation of the transcription factors OLIG2, NKX2.2 and SOX10 is required for sequential specification of ventral spinal OLIG2-expressing progenitors, pre-oligodendrocyte precursor cells (pre-OPCs) and OPCs from hESC-derived neuroepithelia, indicating that a conserved transcriptional network underlies OPC specification in human as in other vertebrates. However, the transition from pre-OPCs to OPCs is protracted. FGF2, which promotes mouse OPC generation, inhibits the transition of pre-OPCs to OPCs by repressing SHH-dependent co-expression of OLIG2 and NKX2.2. Thus, despite the conservation of a similar transcriptional network across vertebrates, human stem/progenitor cells may respond differently to those of other vertebrates to certain extrinsic factors.