造血干细胞能制造所有类型的血液细胞。但是,究竟是哪些因素影响着一个特定细胞类型的产生呢?到目前为止,人们都认为这是一个随机的过程。法国国家科学研究中心和法国医学研究所的研究人员最近发现了决定这些特定细胞产生的因子,并已在小鼠身上得到验证,此机制涉及一个细胞内在因子和一个外来因子。相关研究结果发表在近期出版的《细胞》(Cell)杂志上。
干细胞研究成为诸多医学研究的希望之门,要归功于其能产生体内任何细胞类型或器官的独特能力。科学家们一直在致力于了解干细胞向特定细胞分化的机制。
法国研究人员一直在对小鼠造血干细胞进行研究,其研究重点为骨髓细胞的发育,骨髓细胞属白血细胞谱系,其能通过释放毒素或对其他特定免疫细胞发出警告以同那些吞噬它们的微生物进行抗争。到目前为止,从造血干细胞产生不同的特定细胞被认为是一个随机过程。法国研究人员却发现,在骨髓细胞这个研究案例中,有两种相关蛋白是联合行动的,一种蛋白是位于细胞内的转录因子(transcription factor),另一种蛋白则是位于细胞外的细胞因子(cytokine)。
转录因子能打开或关闭基因,而一个细胞的“身份”则是其拥有的活跃基因的组合体。正因为如此,科学家们怀疑转录因子对分化方向起着重要作用。科学家们还了解到,血液细胞只能在含有特定细胞因子(每种细胞类型的特定荷尔蒙)的环境中才能繁盛。但到目前为止,科学家们都认为细胞因子只是协助细胞的生存和再生,却不会影响其“命运”。
法国研究人员则发现,一个特定细胞因子(M-CSF)将干细胞引向了一条“骨髓路径”,如果细胞内的某种转移因子(MafB)水平较低,那么这些干细胞就只能沿此路径分化。此项发现有助于揭开专业人员在过去50年来痴迷追寻的秘密。从长远来看,这些研究成果为找到白血病的形成机制带来了曙光,在白血病中,不正常的干细胞仍然是个悬案,仍能逃脱各种治疗方案。此项研究也为揭示干细胞如何在大脑、肌肉或肠道中发挥作用提供了可借鉴的信息。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Cell, Volume 138, Issue 2, 300-313, 23 July 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.057
MafB Restricts M-CSF-Dependent Myeloid Commitment Divisions of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Sandrine Sarrazin1,2,3,Noushine Mossadegh-Keller1,2,3,9,Taro Fukao1,2,3,5,9,Athar Aziz1,2,3,6,Frederic Mourcin1,2,3,7,Laurent Vanhille1,2,3,Louise Kelly Modis1,2,3,8,Philippe Kastner4,Susan Chan4,Estelle Duprez1,2,3,Claas Otto1,2,3andMichael H. Sieweke1,2,3,,
1 Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Université Aix-Marseille, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
2 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U631, Marseille, France
3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR6102, Marseille, France
4 Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
5 Present address: Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
6 Present address: Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
7 Present address: INSERM U917, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes, Rennes F-35043, France
8 Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
9 These authors contributed equally to this work
While hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal is well studied, it remains unknown whether distinct control mechanisms enable HSC divisions that generate progeny cells with specific lineage bias. Here, we report that the monocytic transcription factor MafB specifically restricts the ability of M-CSF to instruct myeloid commitment divisions in HSCs. MafB deficiency specifically enhanced sensitivity to M-CSF and caused activation of the myeloid master-regulator PU.1 in HSCs in vivo. Single-cell analysis revealed that reduced MafB levels enabled M-CSF to instruct divisions producing asymmetric daughter pairs with one PU.1+ cell. As a consequence, MafB HSCs showed a PU.1 and M-CSF receptor-dependent competitive repopulation advantage specifically in the myelomonocytic, but not T lymphoid or erythroid, compartment. Lineage-biased repopulation advantage was progressive, maintained long term, and serially transplantable. Together, this indicates that an integrated transcription factor/cytokine circuit can control the rate of specific HSC commitment divisions without compromising other lineages or self-renewal.