RACK1在胰岛β细胞中内质网应激IRE1信号通路的负反馈调控中发挥关键作用
1月27日,《科学·信号转导》(Science Signaling)杂志发表了中国科学院上海生命科学研究院营养科学研究所刘勇研究组的最新研究成果,揭示了脚手架(Scaffold)蛋白RACK1以分子开关的方式,在胰岛β细胞中内质网应激(ER stress)信号通路的动态调控中发挥关键作用。
内质网是细胞内蛋白质合成折叠、修饰加工与质量监控的重要场所,其稳态平衡对于维持正常的细胞功能至关重要。当细胞的内质网难以承担错误折叠蛋白的负荷时则引发内质网应激,激活未折叠蛋白响应(UPR,Unfolded Protein Response)信号通路,以此增强内质网的蛋白加工处理能力。其中一条关键的UPR信号通路由内质网上的跨膜蛋白IRE1α(Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1α)介导。IRE1α集蛋白激酶与核糖核酸内切酶功能于一体,可以通过自身磷酸化被激活,在内质网应激状况下参与细胞生死命运的决定,所以对细胞功能的维持具有举足轻重的作用。此外,内质网应激也是关联肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的重要病理机制之一;而在专职分泌的胰岛β细胞中,IRE1α信号通路参与调控胰岛素生物合成的过程。
为了探讨IRE1α信号通路的分子调节机制及其在胰岛β细胞中的功能,刘勇组博士研究生邱义福等通过一系列信号机制的研究发现,在胰岛β细胞系INS-1和原代培养的胰岛中,葡萄糖刺激或内质网应激能够诱导RACK1与IRE1α的相互作用。而RACK1与蛋白磷酸酶PP2A可以组成性地结合,并在高葡萄糖的刺激下形成RACK1、PP2A 和IRE1α的三元复合物,由此使IRE1α去磷酸化来控制其激活水平。与此相反,在长期高葡萄糖刺激或内质网应激条件下,PP2A与RACK1发生解离,使得与RACK1结合的IRE1α磷酸化水平维持不变,同时还伴随着胰岛素mRNA水平的下降。这表明在应对不同程度的细胞应激状况下,RACK1对IRE1α信号通路的活性发挥不同的调节效应。另一方面,在db/db糖尿病小鼠的胰岛中,RACK1的表达显著下降,而IRE1α通路的激活水平与胰岛内的胰岛素含量密切关联。因此,RACK1在IRE1α信号通路的生理动态调节中行使着“分子刹车”的作用,而这一调控机制的长期失灵则可能在促发β细胞功能失调、进而加重2型糖尿病的病理过程中扮演重要的角色。这些在细胞应激信号通路上的发现,为深入了解胰岛β细胞发生功能衰损的病理基础提供了一个新的机制线索以及可能实施定向干预的潜在靶点。(生物谷Bioon.com)
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Sci. Signal., 26 January 2010 [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000514]
A Crucial Role for RACK1 in the Regulation of Glucose-Stimulated IRE1 Activation in Pancreatic β Cells
Yifu Qiu1, Ting Mao1, Yongliang Zhang1, Mengle Shao1, Jia You1, Qiurong Ding1, Yan Chen1, Dongmei Wu1, Dong Xie1, Xu Lin1, Xiang Gao2, Randal J. Kaufman3, Wenjun Li1*, and Yong Liu1*
1 Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
2 Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
3 Departments of Biological Chemistry and Internal Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
Autophosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is required for its activation, which elicits the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR) and is functionally connected with insulin biosynthesis in pancreatic β cells. We found that the scaffold protein receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) interacted with IRE1 in a glucose-stimulated or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–responsive manner in pancreatic β cells and primary islets. RACK1 mediated the glucose-inducible assembly of a complex containing IRE1, RACK1, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) to promote dephosphorylation of IRE1 by PP2A, thereby inhibiting glucose-stimulated IRE1 activation and attenuating IRE1-dependent increases in insulin production. Moreover, IRE1 activation was increased and RACK1 abundance was decreased in a mouse model of diabetes. Thus, our findings demonstrate that RACK1 functions as a key component in regulating the IRE1 signaling pathway in pancreatic β cells.