据美国物理学家组织网6月29日报道,美国科学家找到了细胞因子SAMHD1蛋白抑制骨髓细胞感染HIV(艾滋病病毒)的机制,新研究扩展了人们对艾滋病患者免疫系统如何对付HIV以及HIV如何逃避免疫反应的理解,从而找到阻止HIV感染或者阻止其在感染者体内复制的新疗法。相关研究发表在6月30日出版的《自然》杂志上。
骨髓细胞是提供抗原的白血细胞的一个子集,对身体抵抗病毒和其他病原体的免疫反应非常重要。凯斯西储大学医学院艾滋病研究中心研究员杰克·斯科沃斯基的研究团队和美国斯托瓦斯医学研究所的迈克尔·沃什本领导的团队合作发现,SAMHD1蛋白能感应到诸如巨噬细胞和树状细胞等骨髓细胞感染到HIV-1病毒(HIV分为1型和2型,1型是目前全球流行的主要毒株,2型目前只在西非流行)和其他相关的免疫缺陷病毒,并阻止病毒副本在这些细胞内的合成,从而抑制HIV病毒感染。
以前,科学家们一直认为,SAMHD1发生变异会引发一种名为AGS的症状,这种症状和先天病毒感染一样,要归咎于在病毒缺席时,免疫系统内干扰素的不适当诱导。因此,SAMHD1和其他引发AGS的细胞蛋白能摒弃细胞的核酸碎片,预防这种干扰素系统被不适当地激活。
现在,斯科沃斯基团队发现,除了能预防不适当的自身免疫反应发生之外, SAMHD1也能通过有效干预病毒核酸的产生从而抑制骨髓细胞感染HIV。
他们还发现,HIV-2和相关的免疫缺陷病毒(SIVsm/mac)能够通过使用它们编码的Vpx蛋白来干掉SAMHD1,从而越过骨髓细胞内的保护机制,使人感染病毒。然而,令人感兴趣的是,与HIV-1相比,诸如HIV-2等拥有Vpx的病毒更不容易引发疾病。斯科沃斯基表示,这可能是因为通过能在骨髓细胞内建立感染,HIV-2等病毒激起了比HIV-1更强烈的免疫反应。
斯科沃斯基表示,操纵SAMHD1的功能可能会让感染HIV-1患者对这种病毒产生更强烈的免疫反应。科学家们下一步将研究SAMHD1用来抑制HIV-1感染的分子路径。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原文出处:
Nature doi:10.1038/nature10195
Vpx relieves inhibition of HIV-1 infection of macrophages mediated by the SAMHD1 protein
Kasia Hrecka; Caili Hao; Magda Gierszewska; Selene K. Swanson; Malgorzata Kesik-Brodacka; Smita Srivastava; Laurence Florens; Michael P. Washburn; Jacek Skowronski
Macrophages and dendritic cells have key roles in viral infections, providing virus reservoirs that frequently resist antiviral therapies and linking innate virus detection to antiviral adaptive immune responses1, 2. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) fails to transduce dendritic cells and has a reduced ability to transduce macrophages, due to an as yet uncharacterized mechanism that inhibits infection by interfering with efficient synthesis of viral complementary DNA3, 4. In contrast, HIV-2 and related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVsm/mac) transduce myeloid cells efficiently owing to their virion-associated Vpx accessory proteins, which counteract the restrictive mechanism5, 6. Here we show that the inhibition of HIV-1 infection in macrophages involves the cellular SAM domain HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1). Vpx relieves the inhibition of lentivirus infection in macrophages by loading SAMHD1 onto the CRL4DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase, leading to highly efficient proteasome-dependent degradation of the protein. Mutations in SAMHD1 cause Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, a disease that produces a phenotype that mimics the effects of a congenital viral infection7, 8. Failure to dispose of endogenous nucleic acid debris in Aicardi–Goutières syndrome results in inappropriate triggering of innate immune responses via cytosolic nucleic acids sensors9, 10. Thus, our findings show that macrophages are defended from HIV-1 infection by a mechanism that prevents an unwanted interferon response triggered by self nucleic acids, and uncover an intricate relationship between innate immune mechanisms that control response to self and to retroviral pathogens.