美国研究人员通过清除老化细胞让小鼠青春常驻,推迟显现皱纹、肌肉萎缩、白内障等老化征兆。
研究人员认为,这一结果有望用于老年人护理。专家称,这只是初步研究,结果虽然“令人着迷”,但须审慎看待。
缓衰老
研究主要针对老化细胞。这种细胞不再分裂出新细胞,在防止肿瘤生长方面起着重要作用。老化细胞由免疫系统清理,随着时间推移,在身体积聚数量增多。研究人员估计,高龄老人全身大约10%的细胞为老化细胞。
梅奥诊所研究人员开发一种药物,能够杀死小鼠身上所有老化细胞。研究人员首先通过基因工程培育特殊小鼠,使它们的成熟老化速度快于正常同类。
研究人员观察三种老化征兆,即眼内白内障形成、肌肉组织萎缩和皮下脂肪堆积。结果发现,如果小鼠在老化迹象出现之前摄取药物,三种征兆“神奇地延迟”;如果小鼠在老化迹象开始后摄取药物,肌肉功能得到改善。
不增寿
英国广播公司(BBC)11月2日援引研究人员之一詹姆斯·柯克兰的话报道:“我从未见过这样的事。”
另一研究人员扬·范德乌森说:“我们对效果深感惊讶,它意义深远。”他对这种药物的影响感到乐观,认为这种药有助老年人健康地度过晚年生活。在他看来,“如果生活质量差,没有人愿意长寿”。
这种药物对小鼠没有延年益寿的效果。研究人员认为,这可能因为小鼠经过基因改造。
研究结果由英国《自然》杂志发表。
须审慎
这项研究结果向人们展示了延缓衰老的美好前景,不过老化细胞无法完全清除。
范德乌森说,年轻人能够清除老化细胞,“你须审慎看待可以强化免疫系统,确保老化细胞得到清理”;或者可以发明一种药,专门针对老化细胞,因为这种细胞产生一种独一无二的蛋白质。
英国医学研究委员会临床学中心的吉泽斯·吉尔博士说,梅奥诊所研究人员的认定需要“审慎对待,这只是一项初步研究”。
他说,不过这是一项“迷人”的研究,显示“如果能够清除老化细胞,就可以改善老化带来的(身体特征)表现型,提高老龄人群生活质量”。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature10600
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Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders
Darren J. Baker, Tobias Wijshake, Tamar Tchkonia, Nathan K. LeBrasseur, Bennett G. Childs, Bart van de Sluis, James L. Kirkland & Jan M. van Deursen
Advanced age is the main risk factor for most chronic diseases and functional deficits in humans, but the fundamental mechanisms that drive ageing remain largely unknown, impeding the development of interventions that might delay or prevent age-related disorders and maximize healthy lifespan. Cellular senescence, which halts the proliferation of damaged or dysfunctional cells, is an important mechanism to constrain the malignant progression of tumour cells1, 2. Senescent cells accumulate in various tissues and organs with ageing3 and have been hypothesized to disrupt tissue structure and function because of the components they secrete4, 5. However, whether senescent cells are causally implicated in age-related dysfunction and whether their removal is beneficial has remained unknown. To address these fundamental questions, we made use of a biomarker for senescence, p16Ink4a, to design a novel transgene, INK-ATTAC, for inducible elimination of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells upon administration of a drug. Here we show that in the BubR1 progeroid mouse background, INK-ATTAC removes p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells upon drug treatment. In tissues—such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and eye—in which p16Ink4a contributes to the acquisition of age-related pathologies, life-long removal of p16Ink4a-expressing cells delayed onset of these phenotypes. Furthermore, late-life clearance attenuated progression of already established age-related disorders. These data indicate that cellular senescence is causally implicated in generating age-related phenotypes and that removal of senescent cells can prevent or delay tissue dysfunction and extend healthspan.