近日,国际著名杂志Cell刊登了来自美国纽约西奈山医学院,圣裘德童研究医院等处的研究人员的最新研究成果“Sphingolipid Metabolism Cooperates with BAK and BAX to Promote the Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis”,在文章中,研究者解析了细胞凋亡相关的细胞色素c释放,这将为进一步揭示细胞凋亡的秘密提供了重要信息,这一研究成果公布在Cell杂志上,同期杂志还配发的相关点评文章。
文章的通讯作者分别是西奈山医学院Jerry E. Chipuk,以及圣犹大儿童研究医院Douglas R. Green教授,其中Green教授是世界著名的免疫学家,其方向主要是细胞凋亡或主动细胞死亡的相关研究,并探讨这一过程在调控免疫系统中的作用。Green教授发表过多篇重要的论文,曾以113篇论文高达15,000次的引用率位居全球论文被引用次数最多的前五名科学家之列,其中有两篇论文的引用次数位列全球引用次数最多的论文前25位。
线粒体在功能上和物理结构上都异型膜(heterotypic membranes)存在关联,但是关于这些相互作用如何影响线粒体外膜通透性(permeabilization,MOMP),以及细胞凋亡的,目前还知之甚少。
在这篇文章中,研究人员发现线粒体异型膜分离能抑制依赖于BAK/BAX的细胞色素c(cytochrome c)的释放——细胞色素C是一种细胞色素氧化酶,是电子传递链中唯一的外周蛋白,位于线粒体内侧外膜,研究发现细胞色素C与细胞凋亡有关,从线粒体中泄露出的细胞色素C有诱导细胞凋亡的作用。
研究人员通过生化方法纯化与MOMP敏感性有关的中性(neutral sphingomyelinases)中性鞘磷脂酶,发现脂质代谢能调控BAK/BAX活性。之后他们又纯化了脂质和酶,证明通过体外重构鞘脂代谢途径能提高MOMP敏感性。
而且研究人员还发现脂质代谢抑制剂能阻断重膜准备中的MOMP,但不会影响纯鞘重构化过的线粒体MOMP。鞘脂产物:sphingosine-1-PO4 和hexadecenal还能与BAK和BAX特异性协同作用。
这些都说明了细胞对凋亡作出应答需要鞘脂代谢(sphingolipid metabolism)的参与。这项研究也表明BAK/BAX活性和细胞凋亡能调控特殊脂质环境,这一环境是由于异型膜-线粒体相互作用维持的。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.038
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Sphingolipid Metabolism Cooperates with BAK and BAX to Promote the Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis
Jerry E. Chipuk, Gavin P. McStay, Archana Bharti, Tomomi Kuwana, Christopher J. Clarke, Leah J. Siskind, Lina M. Obeid, Douglas R. Green
Mitochondria are functionally and physically associated with heterotypic membranes, yet little is known about how these interactions impact mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and apoptosis. We observed that dissociation of heterotypic membranes from mitochondria inhibited BAK/BAX-dependent cytochrome c (cyto c) release. Biochemical purification of neutral sphingomyelinases that correlated with MOMP sensitization suggested that sphingolipid metabolism coordinates BAK/BAX activation. Using purified lipids and enzymes, sensitivity to MOMP was achieved by in vitro reconstitution of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. Sphingolipid metabolism inhibitors blocked MOMP from heavy membrane preparations but failed to influence MOMP in the presence of sphingolipid-reconstituted, purified mitochondria. Furthermore, the sphingolipid products, sphingosine-1-PO4 and hexadecenal, cooperated specifically with BAK and BAX, respectively. Sphingolipid metabolism was also required for cellular responses to apoptosis. Our studies suggest that BAK/BAX activation and apoptosis are coordinated through BH3-only proteins and a specific lipid milieu that is maintained by heterotypic membrane-mitochondrial interactions.