晚期癌症通常会绕过抗癌药物设置的路障而继续迅速生长,近日,国际著名杂志《国家科学院院刊》PNAS在线刊登了来自美国普渡大学研究者的最新研究成果“Sensitive kinase assay linked with phosphoproteomics for identifying direct kinase substrates,”,文章中,研究者绘制了激酶与它们的靶蛋白的互作图谱,以帮助制药者找到捷径,开发出更有效的抗癌药物。
蛋白激酶将磷酸基团连接到目的蛋白的氨基酸残基上,使蛋白的特定位点发生磷酸化的过程就称之为磷酸化作用。通过这一机制可开启或关闭细胞的某种功能。磷酸化作用失常可导致细胞生长失控,是癌症的一种标志。
许多有效的癌症药物都是激酶抑制剂,它们通过阻断激酶与细胞内特异蛋白的结合,阻止磷酸化作用和癌细胞生成。
美国普渡大学生物化学分析化学系副教授、癌症研究中心成员陶纬国(W. Andy Tao)是这项研究的领导者。陶纬国认为在癌症晚期,激酶抑制剂无效的原因是因为激酶进行了调整,寻找到了新的靶标蛋白,形成了新的癌细胞。他认为构建出癌细胞所有潜在路线的图谱是开发更好的癌症治疗药物的一个关键环节。
“我要说的是,99%的激酶抑制剂都只能在癌症晚期的数月时间内有效,随后癌症就形成了耐受。在开始时,细胞并不能自我调节因此死亡。在晚期,癌细胞发现了一条生存之路。你阻断了一条途径,而它们找到了另一条,”陶纬国说。
陶纬国构建的激酶-蛋白图谱鉴别了激酶和它们磷酸化的直接蛋白靶标,而排除了其他非直接靶向的蛋白。后者通常是在直接靶向蛋白磷酸化启动的级联反应中被磷酸化的。
陶纬国将有无激酶的细胞进行了比较,证实只有当激酶存在时,磷蛋白才会被当做潜在的靶标。首先,他使这些磷蛋白去磷酸化。随后重新导入激酶,这些接受了来自激酶的磷酸基团的蛋白就是它们的直接靶标。陶纬国表示有了这些信息,制药公司就可以研制出阻断激酶到达所有潜在的靶标的激酶抑制剂,使药物更有效。
“如果你了解这一网络,你就可以阻断所有的途径来治疗癌症,”陶纬国说。
目前陶纬国的研究主要集中在与白血病和乳腺癌相关的SYK激酶。他计划进一步研究其他的激酶以及突变的激酶,以了解它们是否具有不同的蛋白靶标。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1119418109
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Sensitive kinase assay linked with phosphoproteomics for identifying direct kinase substrates
Liang Xuea, Wen-Horng Wangb, Anton Iliuka, Lianghai Hua, Jacob A. Galana, Shuai Yub, Michael Hansa, Robert L. Geahlenb,c, and W. Andy Taoa,b,c,d,1
Our understanding of the molecular control of many disease pathologies requires the identification of direct substrates targeted by specific protein kinases. Here we describe an integrated proteomic strategy, termed kinase assay linked with phosphoproteomics, which combines a sensitive kinase reaction with endogenous kinase-dependent phosphoproteomics to identify direct substrates of protein kinases. The unique in vitro kinase reaction is carried out in a highly efficient manner using a pool of peptides derived directly from cellular kinase substrates and then dephosphorylated as substrate candidates. The resulting newly phosphorylated peptides are then isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. A further comparison of these in vitro phosphorylated peptides with phosphopeptides derived from endogenous proteins isolated from cells in which the kinase is either active or inhibited reveals new candidate protein substrates. The kinase assay linked with phosphoproteomics strategy was applied to identify unique substrates of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a protein-tyrosine kinase with duel properties of an oncogene and a tumor suppressor in distinctive cell types. We identified 64 and 23 direct substrates of Syk specific to B cells and breast cancer cells, respectively. Both known and unique substrates, including multiple centrosomal substrates for Syk, were identified, supporting a unique mechanism that Syk negatively affects cell division through its centrosomal kinase activity.