在出生后危机四伏的几个小时里,在突然失去来自母亲的食物供应的情况下,新生哺乳动物必须要能够生存下来。在通常情况下,新生儿会启动一种代谢反应以抵御饥饿直至喂给食物。这一生存反应涉及一个称作自噬的,调控内部能源分解的过程。尽管自噬已充分得到证实,当前对于体内自噬的关键机制调控因子仍知之甚少。
来自Whitehead研究所的研究人员发现了一个营养物感知酶家族Rag GTPases,证实其调控了mTORC1蛋白质复合物的活性,mTORC1蛋白质复合物抑制是新生儿自噬和生存的必要条件。这一研究发现发表在本周的《自然》(Nature)杂志上。
领导这一研究的是Whitehead研究所的成员David Sabatini,在早先的体外研究中Sabatini证实了:mTORC1可以通过与Rag GTPases的相互作用感知重要氨基酸的存在。
为了评估Rag GTPase-mTORC1的关系对于哺乳动物的影响,实验室生成了一种能够不断表达活性GTPase RagA形式的遗传工程小鼠,并将它们与野生型小鼠进行了比较。在正常小鼠中,当存在营养物质时RagA会被激活,从而开启mTORC1信号,调控响应养分供应的生物体生长。如果小鼠被夺取营养物质,RagA关闭,会导致mTORC1失活,启动自噬帮助动物度过困难时期直至下一次喂食。然而,在遗传工程小鼠中,尽管缺乏有效养分,RagA持续的活性维持了mTORC1活化。mTORC1不会触发自噬,动物的代谢保持不变,造成其营养危机和死亡。
Sabatini 说:“发生在具有RagA酶的新生动物身上的事件让我们感到非常的吃惊。一个正常的新生动物会在出生后一小时内对这一情况做出响应,然而携带RagA的新生动物则不会,从而导致其死亡。由于它无法适应,从根本上导致了一个巨大的能量和营养危机。”
这些研究结果同样让论文的第一作者、Sabatini实验室的博士后研究人员Alejo Efeyan感到惊愕。
Efeyan 说:“我们感到惊讶的是,没有发现独立于RagA对这一信号的抑制作用,这意味着没有备用系统。除了已知的氨基酸传感器功能,RagA还是一个更为广泛的营养传感器。”
以往,Sabatini实验室在培养细胞中确定了RagA作为氨基酸传感器的功能。当Efeyan比较禁食新生RagA活性小鼠与携带正常RagA的禁食幼鼠的营养水平时,发现RagA活性动物不仅氨基酸减少,葡萄糖水平也处在危险低水平。这些动物不能够“感知”两者的减少,因此RagA活性幼鼠无法启动自噬,在出生数小时内所有的幼鼠均死亡。
发现RagA的这一新功能表明关于营养传感的生物学仍然有许多未知,Sabatini和他的实验室将继续对这一研究领域展开调查。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature11745
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Regulation of mTORC1 by the Rag GTPases is necessary for neonatal autophagy and survival
Alejo Efeyan,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Roberto Zoncu,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Steven Chang,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Iwona Gumper,6 Harriet Snitkin,6 Rachel L. Wolfson,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Oktay Kirak,1, 7 David D. Sabatini6 & David M. Sabatini1, 2, 3, 4, 5
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway regulates organismal growth in response to many environmental cues, including nutrients and growth factors1. Cell-based studies showed that mTORC1 senses amino acids through the RagA–D family of GTPases2, 3 (also known as RRAGA, B, C and D), but their importance in mammalian physiology is unknown. Here we generate knock-in mice that express a constitutively active form of RagA (RagAGTP) from its endogenous promoter. RagAGTP/GTP mice develop normally, but fail to survive postnatal day 1. When delivered by Caesarean section, fasted RagAGTP/GTP neonates die almost twice as rapidly as wild-type littermates. Within an hour of birth, wild-type neonates strongly inhibit mTORC1, which coincides with profound hypoglycaemia and a decrease in plasma amino-RagAGTP/GTP neonates, despite identical reductions in blood nutrient amounts. With prolonged fasting, wild-type neonates recover their plasma glucose concentrations, but RagAGTP/GTP mice remain hypoglycaemic until death, despite using glycogen at a faster rate. The glucose homeostasis defect correlates with the inability of fasted RagAGTP/GTP neonates to trigger autophagy and produce amino acids for de novo glucose production. Because profound hypoglycaemia does not inhibit mTORC1 in RagAGTP/GTP neonates, we considered the possibility that the Rag pathway signals glucose as well as amino-acid sufficiency to mTORC1. Indeed, mTORC1 is resistant to glucose deprivation in RagAGTP/GTP fibroblasts, and glucose, like amino acids, controls its recruitment to the lysosomal surface, the site of mTORC1 activation. Thus, the Rag GTPases signal glucose and amino-acid concentrations to mTORC1, and have an unexpectedly key role in neonates in autophagy induction and thus nutrient homeostasis and viability.