最近荷兰ErasmusMC细胞生物学和免疫学部、希腊生物医学科学研究中心、荷兰莱顿大学医学中心的研究人员合作研究出一种转基因小鼠。这种小鼠所携带的杂核llama/human(骆驼/人)抗体基因座,含有两个llama可变区(variable regions)和人类D、J、Cµ 和/或C 恒定区(constant regions)。文章刊登于10月10日PNAS,题目为《Generation of heavy-chain-only antibodies in mice》。
这种抗体基因座能够有效重排(rearrange),并且不需LC重排即可实现B细胞发育。只有重链的抗体(Heavy-chain-only antibodies ,HCAb)高水平表达, CH1如同被从恒定区中敲除。HCAb的产生不需经过IgM阶段。抗原特异性IgM 或 IgG重链依赖免疫作用产生。
IgG以二聚体形式存在,IgM以多具体形式存在,这种与众不同的HCAb具有等位排斥性,但是同一个细胞同一个等位基因中,几个拷贝的基因改造得到的基因座——HCAb能够进行重排和表达。这种细胞不经过阴性选择。
此小鼠模型为产生全抗体和特异人类HCAb提供了新的思路。
相关背景:传统的抗体含有两条重链和两条轻链。B细胞在骨髓中通过重链(heavy chain ,HC)VDJ重排和在细胞表面表达携带替代轻链的IgM开始发育并产生抗体。在第二轮重排过程中,B细胞要经过选择、亲和力成熟(affinity maturation)、转换为不同的重链恒定区,成为表达IgA, IgG和IgE不同抗体的B细胞。
重链或者轻链缺失会导致B细胞发育停滞。然而,一些物种能够单独表达抗体重链(HCAb),最有名的HCAb的是骆驼IgG2 和IgG3。
HCAb经受抗原介导的选择和亲和力成熟过程,它们的可变区受体细胞高频突变(somatic hypermutation)影响。研究人员推测HCAb识别特异抗原决定簇,如抗原表面的clefts等。
HCAb可变区的一个结构域CH1因为得不到统一的拼接信号而没有与其它部分拼接在一起。CH1外显子缺失在其它哺乳动物中也有过报道,但都与某种疾病相关,比如小鼠骨髓瘤和人类HC疾病。
骆驼HCAbs包含完整的VDJ区,其大小、稳定性、特异性、可溶性引发了生物科技人员的广泛关注。抗原结合位点——单一可变区VHH,与通常的Abs的可变区类似。然而FR2和CDR3的不同阻止了VHH与可变LC结合,亲水氨基酸使其具有可溶性。目前在骆驼中还没有找到IgM的HCAbs,提示HCAbs形成的IgM阶段是极其短暂的。
鼠科动物NSO骨髓瘤细胞可以表达重排后的骆驼VHH- 2a基因。
英文原文:
Generation of heavy-chain-only antibodies in mice
Departments of Cell Biology and Immunology, ErasmusMC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Alexander Fleming, Varkiza 16602, Greece; and Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
Edited by Richard A. Flavell, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, and approved August 15, 2006 (received for review February 9, 2006)
We have generated transgenic mice containing hybrid llama/human antibody loci that contain two llama variable regions and the human D, J, and Cµ and/or C constant regions. Such loci rearrange productively and rescue B cell development efficiently without LC rearrangement. Heavy-chain-only antibodies (HCAb) are expressed at high levels, provided that the CH1 domain is deleted from the constant regions. HCAb production does not require an IgM stage for effective pre-B cell signaling. Antigen-specific heavy-chain-only IgM or IgGs are produced upon immunization. The IgG is dimeric, whereas IgM is multimeric. The chimeric HCAb loci are subject to allelic exclusion, but several copies of the transgenic locus can be rearranged and expressed successfully on the same allele in the same cell. Such cells are not subject to negative selection. The mice produce a full antibody repertoire and provide a previously undescribed avenue to produce specific human HCAb in the future.