美国科学家最新发现了决定荧光蛋白发光的分子机制,并通过插入一个单氧原子使荧光蛋白的处于“关闭”状态长达65小时。该研究成果在线发表于《美国国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。
领导该研究的美国俄勒冈大学物理学和分子生物学教授S. James Remington表示,该研究成果适用于大多数可光控荧光蛋白。新的模型展现了荧光蛋白分子的开关机制,科学家将能够在未来设计出更多用于分子标记的荧光蛋白变种,使其在基因表达和细胞活动研究等方面得到更广泛的应用。
此前,科学家并不了解荧光蛋白“光控开关”的机制,不发光的荧光蛋白有时候会随机地回到发光的稳定状态。在最新的研究中,俄勒冈大学博士研究生J. Nathan Henderson利用合理的突变和定向进化,确定出了高分辨率的荧光蛋白“打开”和“关闭”状态的晶体结构,该荧光蛋白源自海葵。
研究发现,当荧光蛋白分子处于稳定的发光状态时,两条原子侧链以共面的方式平坦而有序地排列;而用明亮的激光对其进行照射时,环状链旋转180度并翻动约45度,荧光蛋白迅速变暗,最终两条原子侧链停止在非共面的不稳定状态。通过这两种状态,研究人员有机会观察到荧光蛋白相邻原子团间相互作用的变化。
Remington表示,荧光蛋白处于不发光状态时,分子吸收了紫外线但并不放射出任何光线。然而,当发色团(chromophore)吸收紫外线后,就会偶尔产生电离而带上负电,导致环状链跳回原来的发光状态。
此外,Henderson研究发现,在不发光状态时,如果荧光蛋白中某些碳原子和氧原子处于相邻的位置,二者之间的相互作用并不稳定,但如果在合适的位置精确插入一个氧原子,就会使整个结构状态趋于稳定。Henderson最终利用单个突变,使得荧光蛋白“打开”时间从5分钟推迟到65个小时。
Remington表示,对“光控开关”的控制将有助于细胞内部更加精确的研究。此外,对荧光蛋白开关状态的控制也将对包括单分子存储器在内的光存储器的发展产生重要影响。
部分英文原文:
Published online before print April 9, 2007
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0700059104
Biophysics
Structural basis for reversible photobleaching of a green fluorescent protein homologue
( crystallography | fluorescence | photoswitching | protein structure )
J. Nathan Henderson , Hui-wang Ai , Robert E. Campbell , and S. James Remington ¶||
Departments of Chemistry and ¶Physics, and Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403; and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
Edited by Martin Chalfie, Columbia University, New York, NY, and approved February 28, 2007 (received for review January 3, 2007)
Fluorescent protein (FP) variants that can be reversibly converted between fluorescent and nonfluorescent states have proven to be a catalyst for innovation in the field of fluorescence microscopy. However, the structural basis of the process remains poorly understood. High-resolution structures of a FP derived from Clavularia in both the fluorescent and the light-induced nonfluorescent states reveal that the rapid and complete loss of fluorescence observed upon illumination with 450-nm light results from cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore. The photoinduced change in configuration from the well ordered cis isomer to the highly nonplanar and disordered trans isomer is accompanied by a dramatic rearrangement of internal side chains. Taken together, the structures provide an explanation for the loss of fluorescence upon illumination, the slow light-independent recovery, and the rapid light-induced recovery of fluorescence. The fundamental mechanism appears to be common to all of the photoactivatable and reversibly photoswitchable FPs reported to date.
英文全文链接:www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0700059104/DC1