据英国媒体9月2日报道,科学家的最新研究发现,并非只有我们的嘴巴能够享受美味食物,其实我们的肚子和胃也能尝出食物的味道。这项研究的过程发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)上。
这项最新研究表明,存在于舌头上能够检测甜味的蛋白质,也同时存在于胃肠道;在这里,它们同样能尝出糖果的味道。这项研究的负责人是纽约西奈山医学院神经科学家罗伯特·马格斯基,他说:“其实,肠道与舌头品尝甜味的方式是一样的。”
不过,即便你有意识地去体验肠道品尝甜味的感觉,也可能毫无收获。马格斯基推测,肠道对味道的感觉,会以其他形式体现出来。比如,人们吃了某种事物后,会有特别满足的感觉,尤其是鲜美多汁、香甜可口的食物会让你产生非常幸福的感觉。
马格斯基及其同事研究了人类和老鼠的肠道组织,并在老鼠身上做了一系列试验,才得出了上述结论。在研究中,马格斯基发现,肠道上的味觉细胞与舌头上的非常相似。过去,曾有研究表明,味觉受体T1R3 ,以及一种名为“肠道味导素”(gut-expressed gustducinn)的蛋白质,对甜味觉的形成非常重要。科学家推测,受体可能会促使肠道释放激素。
当嘴巴嚼碎食物,食物糜进入胃部得到进一步消化后,就会进入人体的小肠。在这里,食物会被分解成各种组分,比如葡萄糖。糖分子与肠道上的蛋白质受体结合后,就会促使肠道释放激素,调节胰岛素的生成量和我们的食欲。
与舌头上的味觉细胞一样,肚子里也有类似的细胞。马格斯基说:“在肠道上,很可能存在会对糖分子、脂肪分子、氨基酸分子甚至‘苦味分子’作出反应的细胞,这与舌头对酸甜苦辣作出反应的机制很相似。因此,我们的肚子也能品尝味道。”
这些发现将有助于肥胖症和糖尿病的治疗。同时发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的另一篇文章指出:肠道上的味觉受体还能调节一种化学物质的生成量,而这种化学物质又能决定人体应该从食物中汲取多少糖分。既然富含糖的食物可能引发糖尿病和肥胖症,对肠道上的味觉受体“下功夫”就可能变成一种新的治疗这两种疾病的方法。另外,受到味觉受体调控的激素可以刺激食欲,那么科学家也可以利用它来降低食欲。
原始出处:
Published online before print August 27, 2007
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0706890104
Medical Sciences
Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1
( enteroendocrine cells | gastrointestinal chemosensation | glucose sensor | incretin )
Hyeung-Jin Jang *, Zaza Kokrashvili , Michael J. Theodorakis *, Olga D. Carlson *, Byung-Joon Kim *, Jie Zhou *, Hyeon Ho Kim *, Xiangru Xu *, Sic L. Chan *, Magdalena Juhaszova *, Michel Bernier *, Bedrich Mosinger , Robert F. Margolskee , and Josephine M. Egan *
*National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224; and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029
Communicated by Linda M. Bartoshuk, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, July 23, 2007 (received for review May 16, 2007)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), released from gut endocrine L cells in response to glucose, regulates appetite, insulin secretion, and gut motility. How glucose given orally, but not systemically, induces GLP-1 secretion is unknown. We show that human duodenal L cells express sweet taste receptors, the taste G protein gustducin, and several other taste transduction elements. Mouse intestinal L cells also express -gustducin. Ingestion of glucose by -gustducin null mice revealed deficiencies in secretion of GLP-1 and the regulation of plasma insulin and glucose. Isolated small bowel and intestinal villi from -gustducin null mice showed markedly defective GLP-1 secretion in response to glucose. The human L cell line NCI-H716 expresses -gustducin, taste receptors, and several other taste signaling elements. GLP-1 release from NCI-H716 cells was promoted by sugars and the noncaloric sweetener sucralose, and blocked by the sweet receptor antagonist lactisole or siRNA for -gustducin. We conclude that L cells of the gut "taste" glucose through the same mechanisms used by taste cells of the tongue. Modulating GLP-1 secretion in gut "taste cells" may provide an important treatment for obesity, diabetes and abnormal gut motility.