(封面图片:铅笔描绘的图片中,CASK激酶被表示成一只凤凰,这只被认为在进化的火焰中已经死去的凤凰却以一种出人意料的形式最终实现重生。图片提供:Manu Sharma)
钙/钙调蛋白依赖性丝氨酸蛋白激酶(calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase CASK)是一种独特的膜相关鸟苷酸激酶(membrane associated guanylate kinase MAGUK)。CASK具有多个不同的蛋白质结合结构域,除了典型的MAGUK域之外,它还拥有一个氨基末端(N-terminal)钙调蛋白激酶(CaM-kinase)域。科学家通常认为,CASK钙调蛋白激酶域是一个催化非活性假性激酶域(pseudokinase),因为其缺少结合Mg2+规范的DFG模体(motif),而激酶催化的磷酸转移需要利用镁离子Mg2+作为作用子,因而这种模体对于激酶的活性是必不可少的。
在2008年4月18日出版的《细胞》(Cell)上,来自美国和德国的一组科学家证明以上的猜想可能是错误的,他们发表文章称,CASK能在缺少Mg2+结合的情况下起到活性蛋白激酶的作用,这表明CASK钙调蛋白激酶域即使在缺乏Mg2+的条件下也是一种拥有活性的激酶。
研究中,科学家们通过高分辨晶体结构发现,CASK钙调蛋白激酶域利用一种活性构造来实现在缺少Mg2+情况下的三磷酸腺苷ATP结合,并催化磷酸转移(phosphotransfer)。研究人员还发现,CASK钙调蛋白激酶域能使其自身磷酸化,并磷酸化至少一个生理作用子neurexin-1蛋白,它们能通过类似调节神经元活性的方式来使neurexin-1磷酸化。Neurexin-1属于neurexin蛋白家族,这是一类神经细胞表面蛋白,主要在细胞识别以及细胞黏附方面起作用,并且可能参与细胞信号的传导等生理过程。因此,以上研究数据显示,其它的假性激酶同样能实现催化活性,这些假性激酶占到整个蛋白激酶组(kinome)的10%。(科学网 何宏辉/编译)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
(Cell),Vol 133, 328-339, 18 April 2008,Konark Mukherjee, Markus C. Wahl
CASK Functions as a Mg2+-Independent Neurexin Kinase
Konark Mukherjee,1,2, Manu Sharma,1 Henning Urlaub,3 Gleb P. Bourenkov,5 Reinhard Jahn,2 Thomas C. Südhof,1, and Markus C. Wahl4,6,
1 Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA
2 Department of Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
3 Research Group of Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
4 Research Group of X-Ray Crystallography, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
5 EMBL Hamburg c/o Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron, Notkestraße 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
6 Georg-August-University Göttingen, Department of Medicine, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
Summary
CASK is a unique MAGUK protein that contains an N-terminal CaM-kinase domain besides the typical MAGUK domains. The CASK CaM-kinase domain is presumed to be a catalytically inactive pseudokinase because it lacks the canonical DFG motif required for Mg2+ binding that is thought to be indispensable for kinase activity. Here we show, however, that CASK functions as an active protein kinase even without Mg2+ binding. High-resolution crystal structures reveal that the CASK CaM-kinase domain adopts a constitutively active conformation that binds ATP and catalyzes phosphotransfer without Mg2+. The CASK CaM-kinase domain phosphorylates itself and at least one physiological interactor, the synaptic protein neurexin-1, to which CASK is recruited via its PDZ domain. Thus, our data indicate that CASK combines the scaffolding activity of MAGUKs with an unusual kinase activity that phosphorylates substrates recuited by the scaffolding activity. Moreover, our study suggests that other pseudokinases (10% of the kinome) could also be catalytically active.