自从人类基因组测序的完成,有一个问题已经长时间阻碍了基因调控(gene control)的科学研究,即人类是如何复杂于酵母这类低等生物的,这是否与我们基因组中的一些基因调控蛋白有关呢?
约翰霍普金斯医学院的研究人员通过检测整个基因组中蛋白-DNA互作,发现有300多个蛋白能够调控基因,这项新发现说明,先前所有已知的蛋白在细胞中还承担着其他的角色。这项研究结果发布在10月30日的Cell上,为人类复杂于酵母提供了部分解释。
Heng Zhu博士介绍说,转录因子能够以序列特异性的方式绑定到DNA上。但是这只是我们表面上能够观察到的,其实我们发现还有一些蛋白能够潜在作为二线转录因子。
研究小组猜测,可能有更多基因组编码的蛋白同样能够在二线调控基因,所以研究人员认为,相对简单的生物,比如植物,它们似乎比人类有更多的转录因子。
此外,可能我们的大部分基因进行着双重,三重或四重的运作,Zhu介绍说,这可能是人类中存在的一个普遍现象,或许也是人类复杂于其他生物而并没有明显多的基因的原因。
研究小组开始着手确定哪些基因组编码的蛋白能绑定到哪些特定的DNA序列上。他们检测了人类基因子上1,400到1,700个能够绑定到DNA上并能打开或关闭基因的转录因子,此外还包括一些其他类型的蛋白,如维持染色体结构并能绑定到结构特异的RNA上的蛋白,在细胞内传递信息但不会直接和DNA接触的蛋白。在蛋白质芯片上,总共收集了将近4,200种人类的蛋白。
为了识别芯片上能够直接绑定DNA的蛋白,研究小组查阅了之前的科学文献,并记录了460段不同的短序列DNA,这些序列是已知的或被预测能够连接蛋白的。研究人员将每一段DNA序列与蛋白质芯片进行测试。除了发现许多转录因子的蛋白质-DNA互作和一些先前证实的互作外,还发现了367种新的非传统DNA绑定蛋白。
研究人员介绍说,这项发现几乎将蛋白-DNA互作的数量增加了1倍,但是他们只是考察了所有人类蛋白中的1/5,可能还有数百甚至数千的更多像这类非传统的转录因子存在,而这还是未知的。其中一个非传统的转录因子是MAP激酶1,也就是ERK2。这是一种已经被深入研究过的蛋白,能够控制细胞生长和发育。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Cell,30 October 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.037
Profiling the Human Protein-DNA Interactome Reveals ERK2 as a Transcriptional Repressor of Interferon Signaling
Shaohui Hu1, 4, 9, Zhi Xie2, 9, Akishi Onishi3, 4, 5, Xueping Yu2, Lizhi Jiang3, 4, 5, Jimmy Lin6, Hee-sool Rho1, 4, Crystal Woodard1, 4, Hong Wang3, 4, 5, Jun-Seop Jeong1, 4, Shunyou Long4, Xiaofei He1, 4, Herschel Wade7, Seth Blackshaw2, 3, 4, 5, , , Jiang Qian2, 8, , and Heng Zhu1, 4, 8, ,
1 Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
2 Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
3 Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
4 The Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
5 Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
6 Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
7 Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
8 The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Protein-DNA interactions (PDIs) mediate a broad range of functions essential for cellular differentiation, function, and survival. However, it is still a daunting task to comprehensively identify and profile sequence-specific PDIs in complex genomes. Here, we have used a combined bioinformatics and protein microarray-based strategy to systematically characterize the human protein-DNA interactome. We identified 17,718 PDIs between 460 DNA motifs predicted to regulate transcription and 4,191 human proteins of various functional classes. Among them, we recovered many known PDIs for transcription factors (TFs). We identified a large number of unanticipated PDIs for known TFs, as well as for previously uncharacterized TFs. We also found that over three hundred unconventional DNA-binding proteins (uDBPs)–which include RNA-binding proteins, mitochondrial proteins, and protein kinases–showed sequence-specific PDIs. One such uDBP, ERK2, acts as a transcriptional repressor for interferon gamma-induced genes, suggesting important biological roles for such proteins.