近日,美国两所大学的研究人员在植物细胞壁形成问题上有了新的突破,这一新发现为扩大可再生能源的原料铺平道路。
研究人员确认了两种蛋白质,GAUT1和GAUT7共同形成了植物细胞壁中的果胶。果胶是一种多糖,对植物的生长发育是至关重要的,它也常作为凝胶剂用于果酱和果冻生产中。该发现为使用植物细胞壁形成的可再生生物质能奠定了基础。植物细胞壁原料可以作为一种碳氢化合物用于生产乙醇,但是由于很难分解复杂的植物细胞壁,因此难以获得足够的能源。美国政府现在大力推行从植物细胞壁中生产生物能源。目前美国大部分的乙醇是从玉米淀粉中获得的,但是政府一直都在找寻其他可再生能源原料,将不会与国家粮食供应竞争。有关果胶是如何形成细胞壁的这一新认知,可以帮助研究人员通过使用转基因植物来生产更多的乙醇。如果了解了细胞壁的组成,人们就可以改变生物合成酶,使得细胞壁更容易被分解,这样可以更具成本效益的生产生物乙醇或其他生物燃料。
研究人员发现GAUT7把GAUT1锚定在植物细胞的高尔基体中,这是第一次在高尔基体的蛋白质中发现锚定机制。这是一项重要的发现,研究人员认为它可能代表一个范式,即一种蛋白质可以锚定催化亚基。使用相同的机制也许还可以发现其他的化合物。
科学家通常侧重于研究植物细胞壁的其他组成部分,如纤维素,但这项研究则是研究果胶,但果胶的结构比纤维素结构更为复杂。下一步研究人员想要了解在果胶形成过程中,其他蛋白质是如何与化合物关联的,以及之间的相互作用,并确认GAUT7的哪一部分起到了粘接作用。这样将有助于研究人员修改细胞壁合成以生产可再生能源。 (生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1112816108
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Galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT)1 and GAUT7 are the core of a plant cell wall pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan:galacturonosyltransferase complexMelani A. Atmodjo, Yumiko Sakuragi, Xiang Zhu, Amy J. Burrell, Sushree S. Mohanty, James A. Atwood III, Ron Orlando, Henrik V. Scheller, and Debra MohnenPlant cell wall pectic polysaccharides are arguably the most complex carbohydrates in nature. Progress in understanding pectin synthesis has been slow due to its complex structure and difficulties in purifying and expressing the low-abundance, Golgi membrane-bound pectin biosynthetic enzymes. Arabidopsis galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT) 1 is an α-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase (GalAT) that synthesizes homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polysaccharide. We now show that GAUT1 functions in a protein complex with the homologous GAUT7. Surprisingly, although both GAUT1 and GAUT7 are type II membrane proteins with single N-terminal transmembrane-spanning domains, the N-terminal region of GAUT1, including the transmembrane domain, is cleaved in vivo. This raises the question of how the processed GAUT1 is retained in the Golgi, the site of HG biosynthesis. We show that the anchoring of GAUT1 in the Golgi requires association with GAUT7 to form the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex. Proteomics analyses also identified 12 additional proteins that immunoprecipitate with the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex. This study provides conclusive evidence that the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex is the catalytic core of an HG:GalAT complex and that cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis occurs via protein complexes. The processing of GAUT1 to remove its N-terminal transmembrane domain and its anchoring in the Golgi by association with GAUT7 provides an example of how specific catalytic domains of plant cell wall biosynthetic glycosyltransferases could be assembled into protein complexes to enable the synthesis of the complex and developmentally and environmentally plastic plant cell wall.